Big Boss

"We have no nation, no philosophy, no ideology. We go where we're needed, fighting not for country, not for government, but for ourselves. We need no reason to fight. We fight because we are needed. We will be the deterrent for those with no other recourse. We are soldiers without borders, our purpose defined by the era we live in."

- Big Boss

Big Boss, real name John, also known as Jack, and formerly known as Naked Snake, Vic Boss, Ishmael, or simply Snake, was a renowned special forces operative and mercenary commander. He founded U.S. Army Special Forces Unit FOXHOUND, along with the mercenary company Militaires Sans Frontières, and was one of the founding members of the Patriots. Big Boss later established the military states of Outer Heaven and Zanzibar Land as bases for his companies, in order to realize his ambitions of creating a nation for soldiers. Considered by some as "The Greatest Warrior of the 20th Century," he earned such monikers as "the Legendary Soldier" and "the Legendary Mercenary," feared in combat by both friend and foe as a hero and a madman.

During the Cold War, Big Boss was an apprentice to The Boss, the so-called "Mother of Special Forces," and later served as a black ops field agent for the CIA's FOX Unit, under Major Zero.

Having his genetic code used as part of the government project Les Enfants Terribles, Big Boss was the genetic father of Solid Snake (his subordinate and later nemesis), Liquid Snake and Solidus Snake. He was also the mental and physical template for his body double and former subordinate, Venom Snake, with whom he shared the title "Big Boss."

Early years
Born circa 1935, Jack’s military career dated back to the 1950s, becoming The Boss's disciple in June 1950, and fighting in the Korean War. In 1954, Jack was involved in the Bikini Atoll test of the first airborne detonation of a hydrogen bomb. Unlike most of his friends present during the test, Jack did not develop symptoms of leukemia, thyroid cancer, or radiation poisoning, but was rendered sterile.

During Jack's time as The Boss's apprentice, he was taught extensively regarding combat, weaponry, survival, espionage, destruction, psychology and foreign languages (such as Russian), later developing CQC together. They went their separate ways on June 12, 1959.

In 1961, Jack carried out covert operations alongside Python during the early stages of the Vietnam War, before America officially participated. He later stated that Python was one of the few soldiers he could completely rely on in battle. The two also played poker together, leaving Python owing Snake money. The two were later involved in a mission together where Python was shot and presumed dead.

Prior to August 1964, Jack served in the Green Berets for several years. By late 1964, he had become experienced at sniping in urban and marine environments, and had eaten snakes during previous survival training exercises, feats which would prove useful in future missions. By this time, Jack had been also been awarded various commendations, including the Army Achievement Ribbon, the Good Conduct Ribbon, Defense Distinguished Service Ribbon, Korean Service Ribbon, a ribbon that resembles the Vietnam Service Ribbon, and the Distinguished Service Cross Ribbon, along with several others.

On August 24, 1964, Jack took part in the Virtuous Mission as a member of the CIA's FOX unit, in which he was to rescue defecting Soviet scientist Nikolai Stepanovich Sokolov. Operating under the codename "Naked Snake," he infiltrated the Soviet region of Tselinoyarsk after undertaking the world's first High Altitude-Low Opening (HALO) jump. Evading KGB troops in the region, Snake successfully made contact with Sokolov and escorted him to safety, following a brief battle with Major Ocelot of GRU. However, the mission ended in failure with the surprise defection of The Boss, and Snake was injured during a confrontation with her. Sokolov was taken by The Boss's Cobra Unit as a gift for GRU colonel Yevgeny Borisovitch Volgin.

Following his rescue, Snake was placed in an advanced intensive care unit where he was interrogated by agents of the U.S. Government, regarding The Boss's defection. A week later, the government decided to pardon Snake of any involvement in the defection under the condition that he return to Tselinoyarsk, eliminate The Boss, and recover Sokolov. This mission was designated Operation Snake Eater. Despite not having completely recovered from his previous injuries, Snake was redeployed to Tselinoyarsk via a D-21 drone prototype. Unknown to him however, he was secretly being followed by XOF commander Skull Face, who had been ordered to follow, assist, and clean up after Snake.Initially scheduled to meet with ADAM, a KGB contact, Snake instead met EVA, who provided intel on Sokolov's whereabouts. It was during this mission that Snake came across the prototype designs for Metal Gear from Aleksandr Leonovitch Granin.

During his trek through Tselinoyarsk, Snake fought and defeated various members of The Boss's Cobra Unit, including The Pain, The Fear, The End, and ultimately The Fury. He disguised himself as a GRU officer to infiltrate Groznyj Grad, rescue Sokolov and find out how to destroy the Shagohod. However, the rescue attempt failed when Volgin saw through Snake's disguise, resulting in his capture. Snake awakened to the sounds of Sokolov's apparent death at Volgin's hands. During Snake's own torture a transmitter fell from his body. When suspicion fell on EVA, Snake saved her life at the cost of his own right eye. The disruption caused Volgin to depart with a distraught EVA (although not before EVA secretly told him where and how to escape from Groznyj Grad), and The Boss urged Snake to escape.

Upon escaping Groznyj Grad Snake headed to a rendezvous site to meet EVA, almost drowning himself in the process while evading the Ocelot Unit, and suffering a near-death experience involving deceased Cobra member, The Sorrow. Snake reunited with EVA, retrieved his equipment from her, and adopted the use of an eye patch. Snake returned to Groznyj Grad and successfully destroyed the Shagohod's hangar, eventually defeating Volgin and destroying the Shagohod itself.

Snake accomplished his main objective; to kill The Boss. Their final battle took place in a field of white flowers in Rokovoj Bereg, though he fought her with extreme reluctance. For this, Snake was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross and the codename of "Big Boss" by the U.S. President, Lyndon B. Johnson.

Big Boss, however, was heavily affected by the events of Operation Snake Eater. He had been forced to kill his mentor, The Boss, and discovered that the entire operation (including The Boss's supposed defection) was a ruse set up by his government, to avoid taking the blame for a nuclear attack, while covertly getting their hands on the Philosophers' Legacy. Big Boss lost sight of what he was fighting for, and with it, his patriotism for his country. Because of this, as well as his blaming himself for allowing it to happen, he retired from FOX. He was mentally discouraged and alone. Unbeknownst to him, his disposing of Colonel Volgin had also made him a hero to the people of the Soviet Union.

Post-Snake Eater
Snake's retirement from war was short lived, and his attempts at becoming an instructor or hunting guide failed. In 1966, Big Boss encountered a war orphan known as Frank Jaeger during the Mozambican War of Independence. After defeating him and nursing him back to health, he escorted him to a rehab facility where he could be taken care of. The rehab facility later gave Jaeger over to the CIA for use in the Perfect Soldier Project. During this time, he also attempted to find EVA, but was unable to find a trace of her for years.

Although he had been labeled Big Boss and became a legend in the black ops world due to his exploits, he continued to use the codename Naked Snake because he felt that he was unworthy of the title of Boss. In November 1970, the FOX unit was considered to be rogue after its members organized a revolt, capturing a Soviet base in South America, on the San Hieronymo Peninsula. Big Boss was captured by FOX and taken to the peninsula, where he was imprisoned and interrogated. Likewise, Big Boss was also charged with treason by the Department of Defense for supposedly spearheading the FOX rebellion. The agent who led the rebellion managed to gather FOX members who specialized in solo sneaking missions and kill off all those who opposed, with Snake believed to be the only one capable of doing so.

Big Boss met fellow prisoner Roy Campbell, a member of the Green Berets. Big Boss managed to contact Para-Medic, who told him that both he and Major Zero had been charged with treason by the Pentagon, believing them the masterminds behind the revolt. Big Boss and Campbell escaped and went on to persuade former Red Army soldiers, along with disillusioned FOX operatives, to join them and rise up against the revolt. Para-Medic and Sigint also helped take down FOX and clear their names.

During this time, Big Boss met Null (Frank Jaeger) and the two fought on a number of separate occasions. He also met Python once again, who had not died during the Vietnam War, but was kept alive by the CIA and trained as an "anti-Snake." Despite this, Boss still managed to defeat Python. Big Boss also learned that FOX operative Cunningham's actual mission from the Department of Defense was to force Gene, the leader of the revolt, to launch Metal Gear to tarnish the CIA's reputation. Big Boss killed Cunningham and went on to kill Gene, although not before learning that, contrary to what was told to him, The Boss's death was actually planned from the very beginning by "a single deviously-cunning strategist."

With the help of the Red Army soldiers he had recruited, Big Boss destroyed Gene's nuclear missile. Gene left Big Boss with a large cache of funds and supplies that he intended to use in the creation of Army's Heaven. Afterwards, Big Boss officially formed FOXHOUND, to carry on the tradition of the FOX unit.

The Patriots and Les Enfants Terribles
After Zero obtained control of the Philosophers' Legacy, Big Boss was invited to join in his formation of a new organization, comprising Sigint, Para-Medic, Ocelot, and himself, which would later be known as the Patriots. Dedicated to achieving a unity of thought and awareness in honor of The Boss's final wishes, Big Boss was chosen to be an icon for the group, having known The Boss better than anyone else.

Around this time, Big Boss participated in a mission to rescue EVA from Hanoi in 1971, who later joined Zero's organization herself. Stories about Big Boss, riddled with exaggeration and misrepresentation, were disseminated by Zero among the masses, elevating him to the status of an idol; a symbol to control the people. Friction developed between the two as Zero's lust for power grew, with Big Boss resenting his role as the puppet.

Afraid of losing Big Boss, Zero planned to finish up a secret project called Les Enfants Terribles wherein Big Boss's DNA was used to create genetically enhanced soldiers. The clones Solid Snake, Liquid Snake, and Solidus Snake were produced in this project and were collectively known as the "Sons of Big Boss." Other heirs to Big Boss's genetic legacy included the dozens of failures produced early in the experiment, in addition to the abortion of six fetuses during the creation of Liquid and Solid Snake. Big Boss eventually found out about the project, which became the last straw for him. Determined to oppose Zero and his plans, Big Boss broke away from the Patriots.

Big Boss left the United States and FOXHOUND, drifting from country to country as a lone soldier. During this time, he returned to Vietnam to join an LRRP (Long Range Reconnaissance Patrol), and fought alongside SOG (Studies and Observation Group), the Green Berets and the Wild Geese, completing more than 70 missions.

Meeting Kazuhira Miller
In late 1972, Big Boss was hired by the Colombian government to work with its army. There, Big Boss' unit ambushed guerrilla leader Kazuhira Miller and his unit, wiping them all out except for Miller. Big Boss later established his own mercenary group known as Militaires Sans Frontières (Soldiers Without Borders), or MSF for short, and recruited Miller as second in command.

On November 4, 1974, Big Boss stationed MSF in the Barranquilla Coast of Colombia, where he was approached by Ramón Gálvez Mena and Paz Ortega Andrade from Costa Rica, a "Nation without a Military." Since the Cuban Missile Crisis, Latin America had become a key to maintaining the power balance between East and West. Despite this, an unknown armed force stationed themselves in various regions of the country, claiming to be an "international police force" hired by the Costa Rican Development Agency (known as CODESA). Gálvez doubted their claim believing they were actually employed by "la cia."

Big Boss initially refused to hold back the invasion, not wanting his unit to become "dogs of war." Big Boss eventually agreed when Gálvez showed Big Boss a recording from Paz's missing friend in which the voice of The Boss could be heard. Big Boss accepted, taking Gálvez gift of an off-shore base and establishing it as the new Mother Base for the Militaires Sans Frontières.

Six days later, to preserve peace in the region, MSF moved into action. Big Boss and Miller quickly discovered that the CIA was bringing nukes into Costa Rica. On his way to Nicaragua, Big Boss enlisted the help of an Sandinista National Liberation Front unit led by Amanda Valenciano Libre to find out more information, while under cover as a Colombian ornithologist, though he was eventually forced to take Amanda to Mother Base after she was injured while trying to save her younger brother Chico.

Big Boss rescued Chico and headed to Mount Irazu, where the nukes were stationed. There, he encountered Pupa after overhearing an argument between Huey Emmerich and Hot Coldman. Learning about the Peace Walker project, as well as an AI facility in a Mayan Pyramid, Big Boss recruited Huey to MSF.

At an unknown point, Snake, alongside Miller, proceeded to enter a mission via the use of a cardboard box, bypassing a truck and even one of the AI weapons, although problems arose from the obviously cramped space between them, plus Miller's use of sunglasses making him effectively blind, which caused instances of them tripping, as well as Snake failing to brush his teeth. Eventually, it got them so fed up that Snake inadvertently blew his and Miller's cover by lifting the box while still within the sights of the enemy while expressing irritation at the latter's complaints.

Afterwards, he managed to help Cécile Cosima Caminades, the missing friend of Paz, as well as learn a disturbing truth; The Boss's voice he had heard was actually an AI programmed in her image, known as the Mammal Pod.

Big Boss encountered Strangelove, who hated him, and took out Chrysalis and Cocoon. He attempted to stop Peace Walker from reaching Nicaragua, but ultimately failed. Boss followed Paz, who had been captured by Coldman, and found Peace Walker. Gálvez (whose real name was Vladimir Zadornov) revealed he was actually using Snake so the Soviet Union could conquer Central America with ease. Big Boss was forced to stop Peace Walker from causing a nuclear war after Coldman activated the launch sequence.

At the end of the fiasco, Snake decided to formally identify himself as Big Boss after learning of The Boss "putting down her gun", which he viewed as a betrayal of herself as a soldier. He removed The Boss's former bandanna from his head following Peace Walker's sacrifice. Big Boss, under Kaz, Huey, and Strangelove's suggestion, commissioned the creation of Metal Gear ZEKE using parts salvaged from the AI weapons.

At some point, Big Boss initially approved of a sauna being installed at Mother Base when suggested by Kazuhira Miller, but ultimately decided against it, especially after an incident where one of the MSF personnel, Armadillo, fainted with enough force to send the seagulls flying away and also had to be hospitalized for an entire month, despite being boasted as being as "sturdy as a tank." He also proceeded to do an investigation on what actually happened there, eventually learning from both Swan and Gazelle that Miller had been in the room at the time, with the former even doing "soap play" with Miller at the time, and ultimately confirmed his suspicions when Miller inadvertently revealed that he knew Armadillo fainted in the room when he didn't even mention who fainted. This led to Big Boss to tell Miller off in the showers for his womanizing behavior setting a bad example on the MSF forces, which quickly escalated into a severe brawl. Afterwards, he sentenced Miller to a year of cleanup duty as punishment, apologizing to all involved, and keeping a check on his philandering nature. Paz witnessed this and recorded this event in her diary without their knowledge.

While ZEKE was nearing completion on Mother Base, Big Boss deduced there was a spy among the ranks of MSF. Zadornov managed to escape several times while Zeke was being built, and the man hinted as much after Big Boss shot him in self defense. Before they could think of what this could mean, Big Boss received word that ZEKE was hijacked, and rushed to confront the hijacker.

To their shock, MSF learned that the hijacker was Paz (who was actually Cipher agent Pacifica Ocean). The mission was planned by Cipher in order to get Big Boss to rejoin them. After he refused, Paz threatened to launch a nuke at the East Coast and frame the MSF. Big Boss defeated ZEKE and although Paz was seemingly killed, he suspected she survived. Miller admitted that he too was working for Cipher as a businessman, though Big Boss forgave him. In time, they would come to be known as the founders of "Outer Heaven."

Snake and Miller eventually discovered Paz's tapes and diary left behind on Mother Base. It was clear that her commitment to Cipher was wavering but with Paz's disappearance, nothing else could be certain.

At an unknown point, Snake proceeded to use Miller as "Subject D" for the R&D Team's project, the Human Slingshot, after they couldn't get any other volunteers upon getting a report on it. At another point, Snake and at least three MSF members were dispatched for a mission near a beach. They completed the mission, although the mission proved taxing enough for Snake that he delayed returning and had a second chopper sent to pick him up with his letting the other chopper leave with his men, to his mens' gratitude.

Side Ops
Afterwards, Big Boss alongside the further expanding MSF participated in various missions within the United States Naval Facility in Cuba.

On December 3, Big Boss infiltrated the base to assassinate an infamous sniper duo from the Laotian Civil War, Glaz and Palitz, after MSF where hired by KGB contacts of Miller's. After neutralizing the targets, they began to suspect the base in Cuba due to the sniper team being terrified to such an extent that it even exceeded their fear of death itself.

On December 7, Big Boss returned to the base to ensure the extraction of MSF Intel Unit agent Hideo. Intending to rendezvous with Hideo at the heliport, Big Boss provided cover fire from a Hind while the agent escaped in a stolen jeep. However, when Hideo's jeep was disabled and he ended up knocked out, Big Boss was forced to disembark from the chopper to directly intervene, taking out an APC before carrying Hideo to the chopper. He also shot down a Blackhawk when it tried to pursue the Hind as it retreated.

On December 21, MSF was hired by the U.S. military's Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS) to rendezvous with their undercover agent at the base, with Big Boss infiltrating by hiding in the back of a truck. Following suspicions that the base had been secretly converted to a black site, Big Boss located and interrogated the agent, who revealed that he had stowed away information he had uncovered, being unable to directly hand it over due to the high level of security. Big Boss retrieved the tape cassette containing the information after deducing its location and escaped. Through this tape, MSF was able to discover the existence of a man known only as Skull Face, as well as confirm the JCS's suspicions regarding the base.

On January 9, 1975, Big Boss sabotaged all the base's anti-aircraft emplacements with C4, in preparation for a MAGTF assault arranged by the JCS. The MAGTF's amphibious assault carrier was detected earlier than expected by the base's defense systems, forcing Big Boss to operate under a full alert, ultimately destroying an APC, whose cannon would have threatened the advance. He also rescued several "enemy combatants," including one who was a member of the MSF Intel Team that had been captured on an earlier reconnaissance of the base. As he was about to retreat, however, he learned from Miller that two unidentified aircraft had shown up on radar, and were headed towards his location. He narrowly managed to escape the base via chopper, witnessing the aircraft's bombardment during his departure, and causing MSF to suspect Cipher's involvement in the affair.

In February 1975, Big Boss and Miller received a request by the IAEA to inspect Mother Base. Although the official reason given was because they had purchased nuclear fuel from Uzbekistani officials, they both knew that the real reason was because Cipher influenced them as revenge for their earlier defeat. Big Boss stated that they send the IAEA an official letter of refusal due to their status as a private company, not a nation under the NPT.Metal Gear Solid V: Ground Zeroes, Kojima Productions (2014). Info > Pre-mission Brief: Mission Background & Intel > Brief 1: Nuclear Inspection demand by the IAEA Kazuhira Miller: Snake, yesterday we received official communication from the IAEA. It says: “It has come to our attention that your organization recently purchased nuclear fuel from Uzbekistan authorities. We request permission to inspect your facilities.” // Naked Snake (Big Boss): What a load of bullshit… // Miller: Yeah. They’re after Metal Gear ZEKE’s nuclear warhead. I’m betting this is payback from Cipher after Paz’s leak. // Big Boss: Using the UN. // Miller: There’s no telling how much influence they have. But the IAEA can only do inspections in countries that are partied to the NPT. // Big Boss: And we’re not a country. // Miller: Exactly. We haven’t signed a safeguards agreement with the IAEA over peaceful nuclear use, and we’re not obligated to report any nuclear material we have, nor information about any nuclear facilities. The IAEA has no authority to inspect us. // Big Boss: But despite all that… // Miller: That nuke’s our last line of defense. We don’t want to announce we have it until the world is preparing to wipe us off the map. Until then, we let everyone think we’re just a private army with conventional firepower. // Big Boss: What’s Huey’s take? // Miller: That the problem’s how to hide the nuke and Metal Gear. But I gotta tell you, he was all for it. // Big Boss: I see. But there’s no way we can have the IAEA poking around here. // Miller: So what do we do? Ignore them? // Big Boss: Send them an official letter of refusal. Say we’re a private organization and we’ve done nothing to attract this suspicion. // Miller: You’ve got it. However, Huey, the only MSF member who supported the inspection, ended up sending another letter that indicated that they changed their minds, forcing Big Boss to allow the inspection to happen because it would have otherwise drawn too much suspicion. In preparation various AFVs save for ZEKE were relocated to shore as well as various troublemaking personnel ordered to take mandatory R&R. Metal Gear Solid V: Ground Zeroes, Kojima Productions (2014). Info > Pre-mission Brief: Mission Background & Intel > Brief 2: Allowing the Nuclear Inspection Huey Emmerich: We’ve finished ZEKE’s waterproofing reinforcement yesterday. The day after tomorrow, we’ll be done installing the main depth control tank, the compressed air tank, and the attitude control propeller pod. // Kazuhira Miller: Huey… // Huey: If the underwater test goes well, next week we’ll try the 300 ft. seabed depth. // Miller: Drop the act, Huey. How did we end up agreeing to the nuclear inspection? // Huey: …Because after you sent that letter, I told them “after careful reconsideration, we’ve agreed to your request.” And frankly, we should be inspected. This is our chance. If they come and go without discovering the nuke, we can tell the world we’re clean. Of course, it’s risky, and we’ll have to make sure everything’s perfect, but it’ll be worth it. // Big Boss: Huey, can they do an inspection without going through the Board of Governors? // Miller: We contacted the IAEA’s admin branch, and they said there’s no record of us being brought up at any of the board’s meetings. Huey: I’d say they’d… probably do a preliminary inspection to determine whether we should be referred to the board. So it’s bound to be a small inspection team, and they won’t be here that long. Don’t worry, leave everything to me. // Big Boss: Has the media gotten wind of this? // Huey: Yeah. Two major western networks want to do stories on us. I planned on saying yes. // Miller: What?! You want to broadcast this place to the world?! // Huey: That’s why I agreed to the inspection. This is a golden opportunity. We can use the media to “prove” to the world we don’t have a nuke. Besides, even if we said “no,” it would just be delaying the inevitable. // Big Boss: (groans in irritation) Kaz, our hands are tied now. Start getting the place ready. // Huey: Thanks, boss. // Big Boss: Don’t get the wrong idea. You set it up so that any more changes of heart would arouse suspicion, that’s all. // Miller: (Heh) ZEKE stays, but we’ll have to move all other AFVs to shore. Any potential troublemakers can go with them for some mandatory R-and-R. Sound good, boss? // Big Boss: Just do it. All civilians save for Huey, including Cécile, were given papers to travel back to their home countries. The remaining members of the FSLN group made rendezvous with Amanda who was already at Cuba. Big Boss also learned that Strangelove had resigned from MSF and left Mother Base a week earlier (he had been away on an assignment at the time and thus had been unaware before then).

Ten days later, Big Boss' suspicions about Paz's survival were eventually confirmed, when he learned that she had been rescued by a Belizean fisherman while she lay adrift in the ocean. Cipher suspected Paz was compromised as a double agent, and was being interrogated and imprisoned within Camp Omega, a maximum security military prison facility located on the southern tip of Cuba. Big Boss suggested to kill her due to her knowledge of MSF but Kaz opted to instead rescue her as she was their only viable link to Cipher. They decided to retrieve her later, as they had the inspection to worry about. Metal Gear Solid V: Ground Zeroes, Kojima Productions (2014). Info > Pre-mission Brief: Mission Background & Intel > Brief 4: Word of Paz's Survival Kazuhira Miller: Ten days ago, we got reports that Paz was still alive. // Big Boss: She survived… // Miller: She was rescued by Belizean fishermen who found her drifting in the Caribbean. Big Boss: So what’s the plan? Silence her before we’re compromised? // Miller: No, I’ve got something else in mind. Our “friends” at Cipher suspect Paz could be a double agent. She’s being held for interrogation at a camp on the southern tip of Cuba. // Big Boss: Black site. Nice. A slice of American pie on Communist soil. And out of U.S. legal jurisdiction. // Miller: The upcoming inspection of Mother Base has to be connected somehow. The timing’s too perfect. // Big Boss: The UN’s nuclear inspection… // Miller: My guess is they’re trying to corroborate Paz’s leak. // Big Boss: We’re an army without a nation. // Miller: Word of our capabilities gets out, and we’ll have the whole world out to shut us down. Having an American private intelligence agency involved is bad news. Cipher’s the ones who sent Paz to us in the first place. // Big Boss: She knows their true nature. // Miller: Right. Paz is our only link to Cipher. If she’s still alive, we need her on our side. If not us, who else is going to rescue that bitch?! // Big Boss: When do we do it? // Miller: The inspection comes first. We’ll deal with this afterwards. // Big Boss: Do the men know? // Miller: Word has started to spread. The information came from Cuba through Amanda. One of the base personnel used to belong to el Frente. I’ll tell everyone we don’t concern ourselves with the survival of enemy spies. We need them focused on the inspection. And if we get her back here and she isn’t… cooperative, there’s still plenty of room for her in the ocean. // Big Boss: Works for me. What about Chico. He had a chance to stop Paz from hijacking ZEKE and he blew it. He’s carried that guilt ever since. Kid really did care about her. // Miller: Chico… It’s hard to say how he’ll react. // Big Boss: Have Amanda call him out to Cuba. He shouldn’t be here right now. // Miller: Good idea. They haven’t seen each other in a while. A little time with big sis, and he’ll forget all about you-know-who. Unfortunately, after Chico ended up sneaking off a supply ship that was refueling at Santiago de Cuba en route to Amanda in Havana, as well as his being captured, Big Boss and Miller were forced to revise their plan to do a solo rescue op, after Chico confirmed their locations in a SOS transmission. Big Boss volunteered to be the one to undergo the operation, thereby missing the inspection.

On March 16, forty hours since Chico's last contact, Big Boss had arrived and scaled the cliff. During the infiltration, U.N. inspection teams departed from Mother Base, with Miller holding down the fort. When nearing Chico's cell, Miller radioed in telling him that they notified Amanda about Chico's current status, and expressed some disturbance regarding her oddly being elated about being "ready for the worst" regarding her brother. Big Boss eventually located Chico, although he was later forced to strangle him into unconsciousness due to the latter panicking at the sight of him, and thus risking his getting caught by the guards. He later carried Chico all the way back to the chopper, due to his ankles being pierced with a nut and bolt.

Afterwards, Big Boss inquired Chico about Paz's status. He was then supplied with a cassette tape containing Paz being tortured by various personnel, with Chico claiming that she had died. Big Boss managed to deduce after further inspection of the tape Paz's location, and managed to retrieve her, who was alive, albeit unconscious, and took her back to the chopper. Shortly after boarding, however, emergency surgery was carried out to remove a bomb implanted in her abdomen. Finding the bomb, Snake immediately tossed it out of the chopper.

Their return to Mother Base occurred in the middle of an attack by XOF forces. Miller and Big Boss provided support and covering fire for MSF soldiers attempting to evacuate the base via chopper, narrowly escaping before the strut collapsed. After telling Big Boss that the inspection was actually a smokescreen, Miller tried to interrogate Paz irritably, only to be restrained. Big Boss eventually witnessed Paz's death when she exploded after jumping out, learning that she had in fact been implanted with two bombs rather than one as earlier believed. The explosion sent the MSF chopper into a collision course with a pursuing XOF chopper.

Later, Big Boss, Miller, and the MSF medic were treated in a hospital emergency room, where Big Boss's life was saved by a medical team but both him and the medic would fall into a coma due to injuries sustained from the crash.

Nine-year coma
Once the two Snakes were stable enough to be moved, Zero had EVA move both Big Boss and Venom Snake to Dhekelia SBA Memorial Hospital in Cyprus in order to be hidden, to receive medical treatment, and to be looked after while they are in their comas. Zero controlled the information so that their enemies, including Skull Face and XOF would not be able to find them while they were.

Ocelot and Zero talked, with the former being in charge of the security at the hospital. During the conversation, Zero told Ocelot that he has created another Snake, with Ocelot angrily assuming it was a product of the Les Enfants Terribles project. Zero said that the medic was a mental copy of Big Boss. Ocelot, who only cared Big Boss's best interests, agreed to the plan.

After Miller recovered from his injuries, he noticed that Big Boss was missing. Contacting Zero, he explained that for Big Boss's safety, Miller had to stay away from Big Boss until the latter wakes up from his coma. Zero said that the codeword for when Big Boss woke up was "V [had] come to." Unbeknownst to Miller, Zero was actually referring to Venom Snake, who would act as the new Big Boss, while the real one was to disappear out of the public eye.

In 1976, Skull Face sent Zero a lapel pin that belonged to The Boss which Skull Face recovered from Tselinoyarsk, and coated the lapel pin with a form of the vocal cord parasites that infected Zero when the latter accidentally pricked his finger. Skull Face, not content with just killing Zero, coated the lapel pin with a form of parasites that would eventually send Zero into a vegetative state that he would remain in for the remainder of his life.

In 1977, Zero visited both Big Boss and Venom Snake, though he ignored the latter for the most part. He only inquired about Venom Snake when asking the doctor which was the real Big Boss and that the doctors did as instructed to Venom Snake. When Zero asked if either of them have woken, the doctor told him that both Snakes's EEGs showed stable activity levels. However, there was no change and that the doctors moved their muscles every four hours, so that they'd be ready to move should they wake up. Zero told the doctor that the two would be in the hospital for the rest of the duration of their comas due to the risk of moving them, and their location was safe. After talking to Big Boss spiritually about the time Zero visited Big Boss in hospital following the Virtuous Mission, Zero left the hospital and went back into hiding for good.

Awakening
In early 1984, Big Boss woke up from his coma, while Venom Snake was still in his own coma. Big Boss and Ocelot talked. Ocelot explained that "they" found out about him waking and that Man on Fire had woken up as well. Soon, they would have to wake Venom Snake too. When Big Boss said that Snake seems awake now, Ocelot replied that Snake was not actively conscious yet. Big Boss said that Snake was once a doctor. Ocelot stated that to Snake that past no longer existed; Big Boss's past was Venom Snake's past now, as Snake was going to be Big Boss's phantom and act as the new Big Boss. That the act wasn't just for Cipher, as he would become Big Boss's face on the world until the time had come for the real Big Boss's resurgence. Ocelot said that Snake's altered state had allowed to implant powerful suggestions through induced hypnogia and that Venom Snake shared all of Big Boss's missions, his knowledge, and experiences, to make him to believe that he was the true Big Boss.

Ocelot said that everything else would depend on his skills though Big Boss could vouch for that, saying that "he was always the best man we had." When Big Boss showed reluctance to having Snake become him, Ocelot reminded him that Snake put himself between Big Boss and the blast and that he "died" protecting him and that he was protecting him again. Ocelot said that Venom Snake would want this. Ocelot also said that he would be by Snake's side. When Big Boss asked him if he could keep it up as it was a big lie, Ocelot said that it wouldn't be a lie as he wouldn't know the truth either; he would use hypnosis on himself, something he had done a lot in the past and that he wanted the real Big Boss to do the same.

Ocelot then brought up the Les Enfants Terribles, and briefly talking about his dislike of the French. Ocelot explained that the project was abandoned in 1976, and he was worried about what happened to Big Boss and his sons. Big Boss told Ocelot that they were no sons of his and that they were not him, describing the clones sicker then cells grown in a lab. Ocelot replied that Zero and EVA didn't agree; to them, the boys were his clones. Ocelot went on to explain that both boys were raised "free range"; David had never left the States, while Eli disappeared in Africa after leaving England. When Ocelot asked what the plan was if they came across Eli, Big Boss said that he had nothing to say to him, but he should be treated like a human being and nothing more.

Big Boss was told by Ocelot that the war business Miller and himself started in the 1970s had a favorable influence on Cipher by directing the public's animosity outside their countries, they caould unify their frame of mind, that guns for hire could continue the cycle, and the rewards would benefit the economy. One day war would become a business to manipulate the minds of the public.

Concerning Zero's location, Ocelot said there were no leads, and they were not even sure if Zero was still alive, but the protocol he put into place was still progressing. Ocelot compared Zero to Big Brother due to his controlling of information and said that Big Boss was the Big Brother of the battlefield. However, Zero would eventually have nations under his control, he would control peoples way of life and extend oppression to the whole world. One day, Big Boss and Ocelot would have to fight this oppression Zero had created.

Zero had been attacked, but Ocelot said that while the details were not completely clear, a biological weapon was used. Zero received medical treatment, but he had not shown any progress in recovery. Since the attack, Zero's speech and actions became unhinged, and Zero's new location was unknown, having used a blackout in New York to disrupt the transportation and information grids and had been covered up. While the AI Cipher used would have the answers, it had been sealed off. While Skull Face successfully attacked Zero, even he didn't know where he was now.

Now that Zero was too ill to continue running Cipher, Ocelot revealed that Donald Anderson had taken over command of Cipher, as well as the AI he oversaw. The idea came to mind in 1974 when the Mammal Pod penetrated NORAD, but due to what happened during the Peace Walker Incident, the new AI had been given restrictions and its purpose was to filter data it collected before passing it on to people, guiding their decision making. They achieved this by recruiting Strangelove into DARPA. That Zero's last request was for Big Boss to be safe. Anderson's new project was called "the Patriots", which was going to be used to drive society to unify the world.

Venom Snake woke up February 26, 1984. On March 11, it was time for Big Boss to make his move. Disguising his face in bandages, wearing a glass eye, and adopting the name "Ishmael," Big Boss saved the recently-awakened medic, dubbed "Ahab," from an assassin, forcing her to jump from a window after setting her on fire.

When Snake asked who Ishmael was, the latter explained told Snake that "he's talking to himself", Ishmael told Snake that "he's been watching over him for nine years" and that the good news is that he is the land of the living and the bad new is that the whole world wants him dead. After Ishmael gave Venom Snake digoxin to help him move, the two proceeded to escape the hospital.

Due to the digoxin taking too long, Snake and Ishmael opted to use the elevator where they encountered Tretij Rebenok and the Man on Fire, the latter who caused Snake's arm to dislocate, which Ishmael helped put back into place, telling Snake that next time he should do it himself, advising him that it is good to fix his injuries while hiding from the enemy. The hospital was then raided by XOF soldiers who came to kill Snake, who were killing doctors and patients indiscriminatingly. Ishmael saved Snake who had multiple close calls with death by XOF soldiers. While hiding among dead doctors and patients, they were caught by a XOF squad who were distracted and killed by the Man on Fire, who now caused Snake's ankle to dislocate, which Snake fixed himself. Ishmael, releasing the Man on Fire's weakness, shot the sprinkles, causing him to disappear. Ishmael gave Snake a handgun and they worked together to kill XOF soldiers. Making their way to the entrance hall, Snake and Ishmael separated as the latter ran interference to distract the soldiers and allow Snake to escape.

After making it outside, Ishmael commandeered an ambulance and used it to run over the Man on Fire to save Snake who he then proceeded to drive to safety. Ishmael drove, evading XOF soldiers, but he was knocked unconscious after taking a shot from a helicopter. Venom Snake attempted to drive the ambulance, but he crashed into a river bank. Recovering from the accident first, Ishmael was pulled from the vehicle by Ocelot and left the unconscious Venom Snake in the ambulance.

Before leaving for Afghanistan with Venom Snake, Ocelot returned to the base area to meet with Big Boss, who removed his bandages, received clothing, an eyepatch and a motorcycle from Ocelot. Ocelot then gave Big Boss a U.S. passport and told him to go by that name and advised him to change his face. Ocelot then informed him that Venom Snake would be Big Boss from here on out, and believed himself to be Big Boss, with the real Big Boss summarising that Venom Snake is his phantom. After that he gave him a U.S. passport and told him to change his face, so that he could travel back to the States.

Ocelot told Big Boss it was necessary as the whole world wanted Big Boss dead and assured him that Venom Snake would be all right and that he could handle it. He also told Big Boss to go. Before going their separate ways, the two smoked a cigar and Ocelot left with D-Horse, though not before Big Boss promised that they would meet again. Big Boss then used the motorcycle to be on his way and to create his new military nation: Outer Heaven.

Big Boss' plans following the hospital escape were orchestrated by Ocelot, who guided Venom Snake, to act as a stand-in for the real Big Boss. He had intentionally used Venom Snake to further the legend of his own title all the while he himself moved back to America to take command of FOXHOUND and established the 'true Outer Heaven' in South Africa, outside of the public eye.

Sometime after Venom Snake killed Skull Face and regained his memories, Big Boss sent a cassette tape to Venom Snake, which he labelled "From the Man Who Sold the World" which contained the following in which he revealed the truth:

"Now do you remember? Who you are? What you were meant to do? I cheated death, thanks to you. And thanks to you I've left my mark. You have too – you've written your own history. You’re your own man. I'm Big Boss, and you are too… No… He’s the two of us. Together. Where we are today? We built it. This story – this “legend” – it’s ours. We can change the world – and with it, the future. I am you, and you are me. Carry that with you, wherever you go. Thank you... my friend. From here on out, you’re Big Boss."

- Big Boss

Venom Snake eventually took command of the fortress of Outer Heaven in South Africa, while Big Boss took commander of FOXHOUND to protect Outer Heaven. Diamond Dogs' XO Kazuhira Miller decided to go against Big Boss after learning of the true identity of Venom Snake, feeling he had been discarded.

Later career


After waking from his coma, Big Boss appeared in numerous territorial and ethnic conflicts around the world. During the Mozambican Civil War, in the 1980s he was reunited on the battlefield with Frank Jaeger (then a RENAMO soldier), rescuing him from imprisonment and torture. Big Boss later took both Jaeger and his foster sister, Naomi Hunter, to the United States where he helped them establish normal lives. Big Boss and Jaeger eventually returned to Africa to continue fighting, leaving Naomi behind in America.

Big Boss achieved near-mythical status due to his extraordinary military career and the exploits of Venom Snake, earning him the "Legendary Soldier" moniker. He was heralded as a true hero and made the front covers of popular magazines in many countries. Afterwards, he served as a combat instructor and worked to reintegrate former child soldiers into society. One of them was a young Sniper Wolf, whom he rescued from a harsh upbringing and raised as a soldier.

At some point during the Gulf War, information regarding Big Boss's genes was used for experimentation on various soldiers serving in the conflict. However, many of these soldiers would later suffer from side-effects (attributed to Gulf War Syndrome), and their offspring would suffer from physical deformities (nicknamed the "Gulf War Babies").

In the early 1990s, he returned to the U.S. to once again take command of FOXHOUND, the special forces unit he founded almost two decades earlier. While serving as FOXHOUND commander, he secretly built up his mercenary company Outer Heaven into a larger military establishment, with Venom Snake acting in his stead. During this time, he was responsible for the wild and instinctive strategies utilized by FOXHOUND during operations, which often appeared to be planned with little caution and detail.

Circa 1995, David, a former Green Beret who had fought in the Gulf War, joined FOXHOUND. Knowing that David was one of his three cloned sons, Big Boss designated him the codename Solid Snake. Big Boss taught Snake the techniques of CQC and the importance of having the will to survive on the battlefield. At some point, he told Snake that he was his father.

In 1995, the U.S. learned of Metal Gear's development in Outer Heaven. Big Boss commissioned FOXHOUND to infiltrate the fortified nation and destroy the weapon before anyone else so he could buy Venom Snake time to finish the TX-55 Metal Gear.

Big Boss first sent in Gray Fox. When Fox was captured, Big Boss briefed Solid Snake, FOXHOUND's least experienced member (but most capable due to his genetic engineering) about the situation. He then sent him in a follow-up mission codenamed Operation Intrude N313 to rescue Fox and destroy Metal Gear, while also informing Venom Snake of the operation.

Later, Solid Snake showed skills beyond Big Boss' and Venom Snake's expectations, leading Big Boss to start feeding Solid Snake with false information and eventually telling him to abort the mission to prevent Solid Snake's success. Despite Big Boss telling him to abort the mission, Snake disobeyed Big Boss and succeeded in infiltrating Outer Heaven and destroying TX-55 Metal Gear.

Afterwards, Venom Snake confronted Solid Snake personally, calling himself Big Boss. After engaging the base's self-destruct countdown, Solid Snake and Big Boss' phantom fought one on one, and the latter was ultimately killed. In order to continue the belief that he had been killed in the Outer Heaven Uprising, the real Big Boss left FOXHOUND for good.

With his "phantom" and best man dead, Outer Heaven destroyed and his plans in ruins the real Big Boss left FOXHOUND and used Venom Snake's death to fake his own death before going into hiding, with the intention of rebuilding what he and Venom Snake started, Big Boss planned on rebuilding his military nation and complete his vision.

Following NATO's subsequent bombing of the area, Big Boss rescued many of the survivors, including refugees, orphans, and Resistance members. However, Big Boss only did this because he intended to use them on the battlefield. He later fled with the survivors to Central Asia.

In 1997, Big Boss and his followers participated in the Mercenary War, giving a fledgling nation on the border of the former USSR, Pakistan, China, and Afghanistan its independence. Zanzibar Province, a former autonomous zone of the USSR, thus became Zanzibar Land with Big Boss as its president. Recruiting war orphans from across the Third World and raising them as soldiers, Big Boss hoped to create a nation by and for soldiers where soldiers were honored, not treated as political tools. Some of the children in Zanzibar Land would come to view Big Boss as a father figure. Big Boss recruited Gray Fox to his cause and, to ensure Zanzibar Land's success, he once again commissioned the creation of a Metal Gear: Metal Gear D. This time, Dr. Madnar developed the new model of his own free will, after being branded a madman in the U.S. Dr. Madnar was also rumored to have provided Big Boss with cybernetic body parts to compensate for the injuries he received in Outer Heaven, under orders from an Eastern Bloc despot, who couldn't resist getting his hands on the legendary soldier.

In December 1999, Big Boss was forced to contend with ex-FOXHOUND agent Solid Snake, who had been sent to infiltrate Zanzibar Land's stronghold. Elite mercenaries were dispatched to eliminate the intruder, but each were thwarted by Snake. In recognition of his professionalism, a dying Black Ninja imparted Snake with knowledge on Dr. Kio Marv's location, claiming that Zanzibar Land's leader would have wanted him to. After CIA agent Holly White was captured by Zanzibar Land forces and imprisoned, Big Boss, anticipating the likelihood of Snake rescuing her, had one of the children posted near her cell to report whether he was nearby, as Holly denied Snake's presence.

Despite Big Boss's efforts, Metal Gear D was destroyed and his most trusted lieutenant Gray Fox was defeated in hand-to-hand combat by Snake. Big Boss then confronted Snake in the underground base, appealing to the warrior within Snake that craved the world of perpetual warfare that he was trying to create. Having spent his entire life on the battlefield, Big Boss could not conceive of a world without war, and stated that the best soldiers were otherwise dead weight and useless when removed from the battlefield. After Snake proclaimed his defiance, Big Boss imparted the final words of his own mentor, before challenging his former subordinate to one final battle.

"Whoever wins, our battle does not end. The loser is free from the battlefield, but the winner must remain there and the survivor must live his life as a warrior until he dies."

- Big Boss to Solid Snake, in Zanzibar Land

Big Boss attempted to gun down Snake, but ultimately fell to Snake's makeshift flamethrower, having underestimated his initially unarmed opponent. Big Boss yelled Snake's name as he was engulfed in flames, unwilling to concede the battle, but eventually collapsed from severe burns and was left for dead by Snake.

After "death"
Sometime after his defeat in Zanzibar Land, Big Boss's body was recovered by the Patriots. Despite suffering major injuries, he was still alive. The Patriots then had him injected with nanomachines in order to artificially induce a coma, preserving him as an icon for the organization. Big Boss's genome was then used to identify the so-called "soldier genes," which were implemented in the Next-Generation Special Forces via gene therapy. Big Boss's body was later believed to be in cold storage to preserve his remains.

In February 2005, Big Boss's body was one of the demands issued by a rogue FOXHOUND Unit, which had launched a revolt on Shadow Moses Island under the command of Liquid Snake. Liquid planned to use Big Boss's DNA to cure genetic mutations in the Genome Soldiers, and to recreate Big Boss's dream of Outer Heaven, utilizing the threat of a nuclear strike with the stolen Metal Gear REX. In doing this, Liquid hoped to surpass the father for whom he had developed an intense hatred. Big Boss's supposed death had also led a vengeful Naomi Hunter to make Solid Snake a target of the FOXDIE virus, though only Liquid's genome proved recognizable to the bio-weapon, which led to his death.

Prior to 2014, Big Boss's DNA and biometric data was used for the Patriots' ID recognition system, the use of which allowed access to their AI network. The Patriots also declassified documents relating to Big Boss's exploits during the 1960s, which contributed to a resurgence in his popularity, with soldiers beginning to adopt CQC techniques.

Data relating to the location of Big Boss's comatose body was stored in the Patriots' AI, GW. This data fell into the hands of Raiden supplying the information to the Paradise Lost Army led by EVA, now known as Big Mama. Using the body parts of Liquid and Solidus Snake, EVA had Big Boss's body rebuilt, eventually restoring him to his former appearance, though he remained in a comatose state due to the Patriots' nanomachines within him.

By 2014, a tombstone to commemorate Big Boss had been erected in Arlington National Cemetery. Placed next to The Boss's grave, it read: "A Hero Forever Loyal to the Flames of War, Rests in Outer Heaven. 193X - 1999."

Due to his identical genome to Big Boss, the remains of Solidus Snake were used as a decoy in order to fool both the Patriots and Liquid Ocelot. Prior to GW's destruction, with which Liquid Ocelot had infiltrated the Patriots' AI network, access to the core AI JD was opened, revealing the location of Zero. After the FOXALIVE virus was uploaded into GW, the Patriots' system of control was destroyed thus allowing Big Boss to awaken from his coma. Now fully revived, he proceeded to track down Zero.

Big Boss found that his former friend was now in a vegetative state, dependent on life support and confined to a wheelchair. Boss took Zero to Arlington National Cemetery, the location of The Boss's grave. Big Boss witnessed his son Solid Snake attempt suicide and commended him when he hesitated. Big Boss revealed his presence to the startled Snake, disarming him with CQC after the latter drew his weapon in surprise. Embracing him in a fatherly hug, Big Boss told Snake that he felt no hatred between them. He proceeded to explain his resurrection and the truth behind Liquid Ocelot to his son.

Elaborating on the history of the Patriots, Big Boss described the struggle between Zero and himself to Snake. Big Boss stated that, although there was bad blood between him and Zero, all he felt now was "a deep sense of longing, and pity." He pondered on whether Zero hated or feared him. Big Boss proceeded to switch off Zero's air supply machine, killing him, and finally ending their conflict. Big Boss started to feel the effects of the new FOXDIE virus that had been injected into Snake. While in pain, he requested Snake to take him over to The Boss's grave. On route, he revealed to Snake that the old FOXDIE that mutated in his body wouldn't cause an epidemic thanks to the new FOXDIE replacing it. At The Boss's grave he said that ever since he killed her, he "was already dead." He then reflected on The Boss's will, finally understanding it after all those years. He stood and saluted, echoing his salute 50 years beforehand.

Sharing one final smoke, Big Boss finally made peace with his last living son, and, as a last request, pleaded with Snake to spend his final days in peace, not to waste them fighting. Moments later, Big Boss passed away at the grave of the woman whose life and death had made him into the person he was.

"This is good... Isn't it?"

- Big Boss's last words.

Codenames and aliases
Big Boss's former codename of "Naked Snake" was in reference to the on-site procurement policy of FOX, and to the stealthy nature associated with snakes. It was also partially in honor to the Cobra Unit, which was founded and led by his mentor, The Boss. During the San Hieronymo Incident, and the Peace Walker Incident, several of Big Boss's comrades often mistook or joked about the meaning behind the "Naked" part of his codename, in that Snake didn't wear any clothes during the Virtuous Mission. Although not a formal codename or alias, he was once referred to as "Son of The Boss" by Colonel Volgin just before their fight in the Groznyj Grad hangar, in reference to the fact that he was The Boss's last disciple.

The title of "Big Boss" was awarded to Snake following Operation Snake Eater, being regarded as "above even The Boss" after his defeat of the former legendary soldier. However, Snake disliked the title as he felt that he hadn't actually surpassed The Boss, and didn't identify himself as such until 1974. Nevertheless, several of his subordinates and comrades called him "Boss" prior to this, or other variations such as "Vic Boss" ("Boss of Victory"). Big Boss shared his main title with Venom Snake after the latter woke up from his coma.

In 1984, Big Boss was also known by the alias Ishmael, which was the name of the protagonist and narrator of Moby-Dick.

Sniper Wolf referred to Big Boss as Saladin, in reference to the prominent figure in Turkish culture, who led the Muslim opposition against the Christian Crusaders in the Levant.

Personality and traits
Big Boss had an innate desire for conflict, mostly because that was the only thing he truly knew, having been exposed to combat at a fairly young age. Big Boss often viewed subjects from a military perspective such as using environmental landmarks to set traps, and identifying with aspects of other countries, such as France, by their armed forces and national anthem. However, he was tolerant to people who believed in peace; even if his Outer Heaven vision involved giving the soldier a place where he would always be needed in the world, he had nothing against people who aspired for peace, as evidenced by his interaction with Paz's alleged beliefs towards peace.

He was also sometimes compassionate and forgiving towards his friends and enemies, forgiving Kazuhira Miller after he admitted that he was in on Cipher's plot and forgiving Ocelot for blinding his right eye. However, he was willing to kill Paz to prevent her from talking after she was captured by Cipher.

Big Boss was opposed to killing people who were unable to defend themselves, such as when the Perfect Soldier Null was vulnerable in his culture tank. In addition, Big Boss disagreed with mercy killings, feeling that there was always another reason to live, as evidenced by his response to Amanda's request that he put Chico out of his misery, if the latter should reveal information under torture. Though Big Boss did kill his former friend Zero, it was mainly to finish off the Patriots.

During his youth, he was also willing to sacrifice himself for his country if need be, although why he defended America came into serious question after he was forced to kill The Boss in a conspiracy that showcased to him how even the best of soldiers are expendable to the government. While Big Boss did still have some respect for his country, he wasn't going to live his life the way The Boss had, as a tool for corrupt political aims, and anything he did would be done out of loyalty to himself rather than a country.

The cornea and lens of Big Boss's right eye was damaged, and the eyeball itself ruptured, due to the muzzle burn from Major Ocelot's revolver in Operation Snake Eater. From then on he adopted the use of an eyepatch. Coincidentally, two of his clones would later utilize similar attire, but on their left eyes instead: Solidus Snake, to cover his own damaged eye, and Solid Snake, to aid the vision of his still functioning eye via the Solid Eye device.

Perhaps the biggest effect had on Big Boss's personality was when he was forced to kill The Boss, who was akin to a mother figure to him, during Operation Snake Eater, an action that haunted him for the rest of his life. Even six years later, he preferred to go by the codename of Naked Snake rather than Big Boss because he felt that he was still inferior to The Boss, and in his final moments, told Solid Snake that he was already dead from the moment he killed her. It wasn't until ten years after Operation Snake Eater that he was able to find some closure to the event and go by the title of Big Boss.

Big Boss was implied to be disillusioned after killing The Boss, misinterpreting her final message as The Boss wanted absolute freedom for all. His disillusionment was pushed further at the end of the Peace Walker Incident when Strangelove said that The Boss laid down her gun and wanted to live in peace. Big Boss at this moment believed that The Boss betrayed him and everything she stood for as a soldier. On his death in 2014, Big Boss finally realized what her final will was.

In his later years, Big Boss was shown to be a wisecracker, such as asking whether a uniform Snake procured was a girl's high school uniform, or whether he was moving house after he located a cardboard box.

Big Boss was fond of smoking cigars, and would do so even while undertaking a sneaking mission. He also ended up irritated whenever people either erroneously refer to his cigar as a cigarette or act as though they are the same thing, as evidenced by his reaction to Para-Medic and Sigint's statements about his cigar in 1964. Big Boss also drank alcohol, although he had enough restraint to keep himself from doing so during a mission. He also showed fluency in some foreign languages, such as Russian and French, and was shown to know at least a bit of Spanish.

During the time of Operation Snake Eater, Naked Snake was a fan of dog sledding.

Big Boss did not like spy-genre films, specifically the James Bond films, feeling that they didn't portray agent life realistically at all, to the point that he couldn't help but compare himself to Bond negatively even when he knew it was fiction. Because of this, he once got into an argument with Major Zero, who was a big James Bond fan. Zero assumed that one of the primary factors for his distaste was related to Bond's interaction with femme fatales. He also generally did not watch or follow pop culture aspects such as movies, although he was convinced by Para-Medic to see two movies during his missions in Tselinoyarsk: A Fistful of Dollars and Jason and the Argonauts.

Having a large appetite, Big Boss was willing to eat anything he could capture during his missions into Tselinoyarsk, sometimes not even caring if they were poisonous as long as they at least tasted good. This caused Para-Medic to either scold him if the animal in question was not something to eat, or jokingly call him a cannibal if he was eating something like snakes or jackfruit. During the San Hieronymo and Peace Walker Incidents, he decided not to hunt any animals (although he did jump into the water to eat a raw Arowana fish while searching for the AI lab in Central Heredia during the Peace Walker Incident), as he and his men had plenty of food to eat in either case. In 1984, after Ocelot provided information on certain animals, he would tell Venom Snake not to eat them.

Due to a combination of both his training under The Boss and his drills in FOX, Big Boss was resilient to varying levels of torture and serum-based interrogation to prevent him from talking. Though if his comrades/friends are threatened he will submit to interrogation as when Cunningham tried to kill his comrades to make him talk.

Big Boss possessed no qualms in utilizing unorthodox tactics, such as hiding in a cardboard box, or considering the idea of shooting down a hornets' nest on an unsuspecting soldier during the Virtuous Mission.

During his days as a CIA agent and mercenary, Big Boss indicated that he held several beliefs in myths and the supernatural, in conversations with his comrades: Despite his beliefs, there had been instances where he was unfamiliar with some supernatural creatures, a notable example occurring during Operation Snake Eater, regarding the Zombie facepaint, where he expressed unfamiliarity with the concept of zombies. In the early 1970s, Big Boss received a snake-shaped scar across his chest, similar to that of his mentor, The Boss. Although its appearance suggested that it was self-inflicted, the scar was actually a fake, and was used to store a jigsaw on his person in case he needed it in an emergency situation. Nevertheless, the shape and placement of the scar served as a visual testament to Big Boss's passion, and even obsession, with The Boss.
 * He stated that thinking about vampires gave him nightmares, in a radio conversation with Para-Medic regarding vampire bats. For this reason, he would rather she didn't utter the name "Dracula" when speaking to him (as she was quite the movie buff). His fear of vampires was also noted by a female soldier in the Militaires Sans Frontières.
 * Big Boss revealed to Huey Emmerich that he believed in Santa Claus, going so far as to argue for his existence. Their conversation related to NORAD, and was in reference to an annual event called "NORAD tracks Santa."

One of Big Boss's flaws was his tendency to underestimate people in regards to accomplishing a task. In one instance, during the Peace Walker Incident, he allowed Chico to sell a photograph of the Chrysalis UAV and pass it off as a UFO photo, believing wouldn't be successful, and another was during Solid Snake's mission in Outer Heaven, where he sent Snake into the fortress state believing that he wouldn't get far, in an attempt to spread misinformation to the West. Both times, this led to potentially disastrous consequences. The first time, Chico managed to sell the Chrysalis photo to a magazine, which, along with other supposed evidence, convinced Prime Minister Gairy to request that the UN set up an agency to investigate UFOs, drawing the ire the CIA whom considered assassinating him. The second time resulted in Solid Snake gaining information on TX-55 Metal Gear and ultimately destroying it, causing the loss of Outer Heaven, Big Boss' command of FOXHOUND and the death of his best friend and body double, Venom Snake.

Unlike EVA, who viewed Solid Snake and Liquid Snake as her own children, Big Boss initially wanted nothing to do with them and abandoned them to be raised by the Patriots, though this was largely due to the fact that Zero and Para-Medic cloned him without his knowledge or consent. Later when he became the commander of FOXHOUND, Big Boss finally came face to face with one of his sons, David, a veteran of the Gulf War. Big Boss came to respect David as a fellow soldier and taught him advanced combat skills, including CQC. After the Outer Heaven incident, where he was expecting Snake to fail, Big Boss came to resent him for destroying everything he had built and opposing his ideology. In his final moments, however, he embraced Snake and made peace with.

Big Boss intended to become an instructor after the events of Operation Snake Eater. In his later years, he eventually served as a combat instructor, working to reintegrate former child soldiers into society. However, he eventually came to believe that soldiers on the battlefield could never be reintegrated into society.

Through years of training and experience, Big Boss developed heightened levels of endurance and reflexes, surviving prolonged periods of pain, torture, and narrowly evading numerous near-fatal incidents.

The Boss
The relationship that Big Boss had with The Boss was his most impactful relationship he ever had. The Boss was Big Boss's mentor and mother figure. Having spent ten years living together and having developed CQC together, they developed a strong bond that would last for the rest of their lives. Big Boss, known at the time as Naked Snake described to EVA that half of him belongs to The Boss and that their relationship is even deeper then friends or lovers.

When Big Boss thought that The Boss had defected, he was devastated, even more so when he was given the mission to assassinate his mentor, something he found difficult to come to terms with during Operation Snake Eater. After great hesitation, Big Boss completed his mission and killed his beloved mentor, this would create a guilt that Big Boss would suffer for the rest of his life.

When Big Boss discovered that The Boss did not defect and that the US Government had her killed, he lost his patriotism for his country and went on to create his own mercenary company. During the Peace Walker Incident, Big Boss lost some respect for The Boss due to believing that The Boss put down her gun and rejected everything in her life.

Before his death, Big Boss would speak spiritually to The Boss and realise that she was right and understand the meaning behind what she did. Big Boss admitted sorrowfully that ever since the day he killed The Boss he was already dead.

Zero
Zero and Big Boss were friends with the former being the latter's commander during his time in FOX. They trusted each other and both of them had a thing in common that they both trusted and had known The Boss really well at some point in their lives.

In order to fulfill The Boss's will, they formed the Patriots, with Big Boss trusting Zero with The Philosophers Legacy at the time. However their relationship began to strain due to Zero using Big Boss's fame in order to influence people and organizations. The strain went further when Zero created Big Boss's sons in the Les Enfants Terribles project, at which point Big Boss left Patriots for good.

Unbeknownst to Big Boss, Zero still valued Big Boss as a friend and actually helped to save his life and keep him safe after Skull Face put Big Boss in a coma, something Zero could not forgive. In 1977, Zero visited Big Boss one last time to say farewell before leaving the public eye for good.

Just before their deaths, Big Boss looked back over the history of the Patriots and how even though they was much bad blood between them, he no longer felt hatred for Zero, only feeling longing and pity, and wondered if Zero hated or feared him. Big Boss then killed Zero, sending his former friend to peace.

Para-Medic
Para-Medic and Big Boss met during the Virtuous Mission, having both served in the FOX unit at the time, and they got on fairly well. She would give him guidance on how to treat serious injuries and ailments, as well as giving him info on the edible wildlife in Tselinoyarsk. Para-Medic said that, while there was a risk of her losing her medical license, she said that she didn't care and was not worried as she believed in Big Boss. She enjoyed sharing movie plotlines and trivia with Big Boss during Operation Snake Eater, and would later give him advice during the San Hieronymo Takeover as well. She was one of the founding members of Cipher along with Big Boss as well.

Ocelot
Big Boss and Ocelot first met during the Virtuous Mission as enemies, but over time they would come to enjoy and respect each other, with the former offering advice that Ocelot would give to others twenty years after their first encounter. They became something like friendly rivals who would attempt to outdo each other for sport. Big Boss and Ocelot trusted each other immensely, as Ocelot was one of the few individuals to know about Venom Snake's true identity and role. Ocelot idolized Big Boss and, despite his deceiving nature, his loyalties were always to Big Boss and Big Boss alone. Ocelot later carried on Big Boss's will in Metal Gear Solid 4 by building Outer Haven.

Sigint
Big Boss met Sigint during Operation Snake Eater, who was assigned to give him intel on weapons, camouflage, armor, and vehicles. He also explained the story of The Sorrow after Big Boss encountered him on the other side. Big Boss and Sigint would later meet during the San Hieronymo Incident, and again when they became founding members of Cipher.

EVA
EVA met Big Boss during Operation Snake Eater. Though initially distrusting and rejecting her advances, Big Boss eventually came to trust and care for EVA. At first only trying to seduce Big Boss as part of her mission, EVA also came to love him and felt guilty when she was forced to steal the Philosopher's Legacy from him (which turned out to be a false copy). They worked together throughout the entire operation and spent the night together on various occasions, and later spent some time together in Alaska afterwards. Although Big Boss found out that EVA lied about her origins and objectives, he did eventually forgive her. They, along with their fellow Patriot founders, would be the only ones to know about The Boss's true loyalties.

EVA, out of love for Big Boss, served as the surrogate mother to carry Big Boss's cloned children. Big Boss, however, didn't share EVA's care for their children due to the nature they were created and wanted nothing to do with them. Even in 2014 she continued to respect and care for Big Boss and his last living son, Solid Snake.

Colonel Volgin
Volgin was one of Big Boss's hated enemies due to the former's ruthless and sadistic ways, the latter Big Boss was on the receiving end of. After being tortured by Volgin, Big Boss told Zero that he would pay Volgin back for the torture, seeing him fully as the ruthless and cruel man he was. During Operation Snake Eater, Volgin hated Big Boss for his killing of the Cobra Unit and the threat he posed to Volgin's plans. By the end of Operation Snake Eater, Volgin hated Big Boss so much that all he cared about was killing him, destroying almost all of Groznyj Grad in his wild rampage with the Shagohod.

After becoming the "Man on Fire", Volgin's only goal in his undead life was to get revenge on Big Boss for destroying his plans during Operation Snake Eater, his hatred and lust for revenge against Big Boss was so great that it allowed him to survive his devastating injuries. The two encountered each other at the Dhekelia Memorial Hospital - however, Volgin went after the wrong Snake, instead hunting down Big Boss' body double Venom Snake. Later, at the Yakho Oboo Supply Outpost, Volgin attacked Venom, but upon realizing he wasn't the same man as Naked Snake who he carried so much resentment for, let his anger fade and finally returned to rest.

CIA Director
Snake and the CIA Director met during the former's award ceremony after Operation Snake Eater. The CIA Director offered to shake Snake's hand, but after discovering the true nature of Operation Snake Eater with The Boss's defection being nothing more then being an undercover mission and that The CIA fabricated it to the public as true, Snake refused to shake the Director's hand, telling the DOD Official that the reason he refused is because his loyalties did not belong to the Director or the CIA.

DOD Official
Though Snake and the DOD Official didn't meet at the time, the DOD Official was there when Snake was awarded the title "Big Boss" by Lyndon B. Johnson and reconsigned the skills that Snake possessed and that he proved that they could use a unit like FOX in the army. Ten years after this, they would interact during the Peace Walker Incident in which Big Boss successfully convinced the DOD Official that the nukes were fakes, to which Big Boss was grateful for. The DOD Official would then go on to have a lot of faith in Big Boss.

Cunningham
Snake had heard of Cunningham before meeting him during the San Herinmo Incident. Cunningham tortured Snake repeatedly during the incident, wanting to know the location of The Philosopher's Legacy, to which Snake knew nothing of. Snake's disguest for Cunningham grew when he tried to kill his men to make him talk. Cunningham respected Snake and had hoped that they would both receive the highest honours a soldier can get, though in his last moments he tried to take Snake with him in death. Snake killed Cunningham during the same incident.

Roy Campbell
Both Snake and Campbell were prisoners of the FOX Unit during the San Heronemo Incident. They both worked together to defeat Gene and founded FOXHOUND together and would come to command this unit on their own at some point in their lives. Snake saved Campbell's life when he had malaria and gave him advice about how it is okay to be scared, though Campbell misinterpreted this. Campbell would later help Snake to defeat Big Boss during the Zanzibar Land Disturbance.

Jonathan
Jonathan was the first recruit into FOXHOUND and Snake complimented Jonathan's quick recovery and his quick thinking. Jonathan called Snake a hero when he realised that Snake was Big Boss and defeated Volgin during Operation Snake Eater. Jonathan joined FOXHOUND and asked for his first mission. Jonathan was loyal to Big Boss as he lead the team that rescued him and saved Big Boss's life but at the cost of his own. Snake held Jonathan while he died and screamed in anguish.

Venom Snake
Big Boss regarded Venom Snake as MSF's best man. He trusted Venom Snake more than almost anyone else in MSF, as he was one of the few to know that Paz had survived the Peace Walker Incident and vice versa, shown when as a medic Venom Snake leapt in front of Big Boss to shield him from an explosion during XOF's attack on Mother Base.

The medic would later be converted into a body double for Big Boss to protect the latter from his enemies. Big Boss would be eternally grateful to Venom Snake, respecting him as a comrade and a friend. He saw that they were both Big Boss together, creating the idea of the legendary soldier as a collective rather than as one single person. That the legend of Big Boss belonged to both of them. Venom Snake continued to possess his unwavering loyalty to Big Boss, continuing his role as Big Boss even after being told the truth. He would later go to battle against Solid Snake under orders from Big Boss and lose his life in loyalty to his leader.

Unconfirmed history
Naked Snake's reluctance towards shaking President Lyndon B. Johnson's hand, following Operation Snake Eater, was partially due to his view that Johnson was not a true president, having only entered office because of President Kennedy's assassination.

Shortly after Solid Snake's initiation into FOXHOUND, Big Boss gave a speech while shaking the hands of each recruit, telling them that the battles they would face were in a war unlike any before, and that none would tell of their successes, failures, or even deaths. However, the battles the soldiers faced would be ones that they were chosen for, regardless of who gave the order, and that they would know no life but combat. Big Boss also acknowledged that they were in a way to be pitied, but informed the soldiers that they were not tools of the government, or anyone else, and that they would fight for themselves and to protect the things they held dear. Snake never realized the connection between this speech and Frank Jaeger's last words on Shadow Moses until meeting with Big Boss in Arlington almost twenty years later.

Behind the scenes
Big Boss (ビッグ・ボス) is the central character of the Metal Gear series. He is first introduced in the original Metal Gear as the commanding officer of the protagonist, Solid Snake, only to be revealed as the leader of the enemy forces, and thus the main antagonist of the game. He would resume the latter role in Metal Gear 2: Solid Snake in which he was the final boss. Big Boss would then play a key role in the backstory of the series where Metal Gear Solid and Metal Gear Solid 2: Sons of Liberty revealed that he is the genetic father of Solid Snake, Liquid Snake, and Solidus Snake.

In addition to his role in the sequels, Big Boss also appears as the main protagonist in a series of prequels set before the events of the original Metal Gear, beginning with Metal Gear Solid 3: Snake Eater, followed by Metal Gear Solid: Portable Ops, Metal Gear Solid: Peace Walker and Metal Gear Solid V: Ground Zeroes and as a supporting character in Metal Gear Solid 4: Guns of the Patriots and Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain, where he is depicted as an American covert operative codenamed Naked Snake (ネイキッド・スネーク), in the first two, being simply known as Snake in Peace Walker and Ground Zeroes and Ishmael in The Phantom Pain, sharing the namesake with his sons, Solid Snake, Liquid Snake and Solidus Snake, and his phantom and body double, Venom Snake.

Big Boss is also the first character in the series to appear as the protagonist and the main antagonist in different games.

As his younger self, the character's Japanese voice is provided by Akio Ōtsuka. His English voice is provided by David Hayter and Kiefer Sutherland. In his appearance in Metal Gear Solid 4: Guns of the Patriots, Big Boss was voiced by Chikao Ōtsuka (Akio Ōtsuka's father) in the Japanese version and Richard Doyle in the English version.

Big Boss's name in Chinese is Tai Pan, which is also the name of a family of the most dangerous snakes in the world. In Cantonese Chinese, Tai-Pan could also mean a foreign "Big Boss" or "Big Shot" in business term.

Early games
The Japanese MSX2 manual of Metal Gear displays Big Boss's eyepatch on his left eye. The eyepatch itself may have been influenced by the appearance of Snake Plissken in the film Escape from New York, much like Solid Snake was. The same manual also describes Big Boss as having been a previous member of the SAS and GSG 9. However, this information was disregarded in the MSX2 manual for Metal Gear 2, and later Metal Gear Solid 3, and the Metal Gear Solid 4 Database, so it is assumed to no longer be canon. Big Boss was also seen using a cane in the artwork showing the main Outer Heaven mercenaries. In Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain, the "Big Boss" that Solid Snake fought in Outer Heaven is retconned as being a body double.

Big Boss returns as the second-to-last boss in the non-canonical Nintendo Entertainment System sequel to Metal Gear, Snake's Revenge. He guards the final fortress where Metal Gear 2 is located. Big Boss reveals to Solid Snake that he survived his injuries in Outer Heaven through surgeries that turned him into a cyborg. At first, he fights with a machine gun, but after being shot several times, he then transforms into a giant RoboCop-like cyborg, and proceeds to chase Snake around while firing napalm shells at him. However, Snake lures him out of the command room and places mines on his feet, which ultimately kills him. Despite his death in this game, Metal Gear 2 is still activated.

On the back of the box art and in the instruction manuals for the Nintendo Entertainment System version of Metal Gear and Snake's Revenge, Big Boss is identified as Commander South, Colonel Vermon CaTaffy, and Higharolla Kockamamie, for his roles as Solid Snake's commanding officer, the commander of Outer Heaven, and his role as the enemy leader in Snake's Revenge, respectively. The names are references to Marine Lieutenant Colonel Oliver North, Libyan dictator Muammar al-Gaddafi, and Iranian Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, respectively. Interestingly, a similar distinction is made canonically in Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain, with Big Boss's Phantom serving as the "Outer Heaven Commander" and Big Boss serving as Solid Snake's commanding officer.

Like Snake's Revenge, Big Boss returns as the main villain in the canonical sequel Metal Gear 2: Solid Snake. His appearance in the original MSX2 version was modeled after Scottish actor Sean Connery. Like other characters, this image was updated during later releases of the game to reflect his look in official artwork of Metal Gear Solid, which was also carried over to his appearance in Metal Gear Solid 4. In the original manual, Big Boss was stated to have lost his eye on the battlefield, during the late 1980s, which caused him to retire from active duty. During this time, he began to focus on military education and training. This information was later retconned in Metal Gear Solid 3. It was also stated that he had been nominated as FOXHOUND's international planning commander in the '90s, rather than having simply reassumed command or having founded the organization, and that he became transformed by greed and dreams of absolute power, which resulted in his creation of Outer Heaven. This account was later retconned with Metal Gear Solid, where its manual revealed that Big Boss had actually founded the organization as a result of being impressed with the power and efficiency of high-tech weaponry used during the Gulf War. Metal Gear Solid 3 further retcons this by revealing he had founded FOXHOUND two decades earlier than originally stated. One of the mercenary units that he was said to have fought with, after serving in Vietnam, was the Wild Geese, a reference to the novel and 1978 war film of the same name, about a mercenary group participating in African conflicts. The novel itself was named after a 17th-century Irish mercenary army. His character sprite in Metal Gear 2 also depicts him wearing a red beret, although his portrait, both in the original and the re-released versions of Metal Gear 2, does not depict him wearing it.

Besides the account given in the manual for Metal Gear 2, a call to George Kasler during the final battle mentioned a rumor that Big Boss lost his right eye during the battle in Outer Heaven, alongside his hands, feet and right ear before he was reconstructed as a cyborg under the Snatcher Project, referring to an earlier work by Hideo Kojima. In addition, although Kasler implied that Big Boss's supposed cyborg status made him invincible to Snake's abilities and attacks, Snake managed to finish him off with a flamethrower. This account was also included in the Metal Gear Solid 4 Database, and the novelization for Metal Gear Solid 4 by Project Itoh but retconned in Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain. It should be pointed out that Big Boss lost his right eye long before the Outer Heaven Uprising.

Metal Gear Solid
It is first revealed that Big Boss is the father of Solid Snake in Metal Gear Solid. Snake tells Naomi Hunter that Big Boss had told him of this prior to his "demise" in Zanzibar Land. It is commonly assumed that Big Boss relayed this information to him immediately prior to their final battle in Metal Gear 2, though the only detail made clear is that Snake knowingly "killed" his own father at that time, with only himself and Roy Campbell being aware of this.

In the English version of Metal Gear Solid, Liquid Snake states that Big Boss was in a coma during the time of Les Enfants Terribles. However, the original Japanese script states that he had simply been sterilized due to injuries from combat. The latter account was briefly referenced in Nastasha Romanenko's book In the Darkness of Shadow Moses: The Unofficial Truth. Despite the dialogue changes made for the remake Metal Gear Solid: The Twin Snakes, in order to be a more direct translation of the Japanese script, the specific line concerning the coma was retained.

Strategy guide biography
The Metal Gear Solid: Official Mission Handbook, published in 1998 by Millennium Books, contains a biography of Big Boss's early years. This information has since been disregarded in the later games, in which Big Boss was of a younger age, and had been a member of the CIA in the early 1960s. Similarly, his clones' Japanese heritage had actually originated with an egg donor's mitochondrial DNA.

According to the Handbook, Big Boss was a third generation Japanese-American who was born in Hawaii. The entire American side of his family had perished during the Japanese attacks on Pearl Harbor. While his Japanese relatives were locked up in internment camps, he joined the 442nd Infantry Regiment in his teens. Big Boss gained his first combat experience fighting in France, where his unit had contributed to freeing towns from Nazi control in 1944. After returning to America after the war, he lost patriotism for his country, due to prejudice towards his Japanese heritage. Big Boss later participated as a mercenary for France in the Congo Crisis, from 1961 to 1968, later serving in wars in Asia, Africa, and the Middle/Far East. He also specifically chose missions that related to people's liberation, even declining various missions from an abundance of governments, military organizations, and terrorist groups that were well-paid. It was also implied that his sterility was diagnosed due to various battlefield injuries, and that he covertly agreed with the U.S. Government to participate in the Les Enfants Terribles. Big Boss also allegedly said, upon being defeated by Solid Snake, that "Even after my [Big Boss's] demise, I [Big Boss] shall live on, in the fears and tormented minds of my hated enemies."

Ghost Babel
In Metal Gear: Ghost Babel, an alternative sequel to the original Metal Gear, Big Boss did fight with Solid Snake in Outer Heaven but was killed. It is stated that Big Boss was originally under orders by the U.S. Government to form Outer Heaven as part of Project Babel, but he broke ties with the project, resulting in Operation Intrude N313. In addition, Solid Snake reveals to Chris Jenner that Big Boss is his father, during an optional Codec conversation, although it is not specified whether their relationship is through natural means or via Les Enfants Terribles. He also alluded to killing his father in a Codec conversation with Weasel, regarding rumors of the latter murdering his brother in a conflict. No. 4 of the Special Stages section of Ghost Babel, speculated that the reason Big Boss went renegade was so he'd have an opportunity to fight his son to the death. No. 4 also mentioned that using Metal Gear in the project was Big Boss's idea, and indicated that he intended for the TX-55 to include a rail gun to fire stealth missiles. One of the main antagonists of the game, "General" Augustine Eguabon, was also a former disciple of Big Boss during the Outer Heaven Uprising.

Metal Gear Solid 2
Prior to the release of Metal Gear Solid 3, Big Boss was originally to have learned the art of warfare from Dead Cell strategic master Old Boy, in Hideo Kojima's "Grand Game Plan" for Metal Gear Solid 2. In the game itself, Big Boss appears opposite both Solid Snake and Liquid Snake in a cutscene, during Solidus Snake's explanation to Raiden of the similarities of their connection to the one shared by the Twin Snakes and Big Boss.

Metal Gear Solid 3
According to a voice casting sheet for Metal Gear Solid 3, Naked Snake's "physical constitution" was intended to be similar to actor Arnold Schwarzenegger in terms of bulk. It also stated that Snake was to be 6'5, though a cutscene towards the end of the game shows that he is the same height as Revolver Ocelot, who is about 6'0. During the game's development, Kojima intended that Naked Snake be given a more human feel (having feelings and pain) to directly contrast him to his "son," Solid Snake.

Naked Snake in the Olive Drab uniform is very similar looking to the appearance of Iroquois Pliskin, the Navy SEAL who Solid Snake disguised himself as during the Plant Chapter in Metal Gear Solid 2. In early testing versions of Metal Gear Solid 3, Pliskin's model served as a placeholder for Naked Snake, as can be seen here.

Before commencing the HALO jump into Tselinoyarsk, Naked Snake stamps out a cigar that is almost blown out of the aircraft he is on board. According to Kojima's commentary on Metal Gear Solid 3, this was done as a response to Solid Snake throwing away a cigarette into the Hudson Bay during the Tanker chapter in Metal Gear Solid 2, of which a lot of angry reactions were made to it. The director's commentary, as well as Para-Medic's conversation about Snake's mask, reveal that portions of his mask were based on the film The Fly, and was done both to give it a feel of the time period, the 1960s, as well as a homage to Raiden. His curling up and spinning after jumping off the plane before going into position was also intended to be an homage to Kamen Rider. Regarding Snake's use of the high speed drone, during commencement of Operation Snake Eater, Kojima commented on his lack of pressure suit in comparison to the pursuing MiG pilots, and jokingly stated that this was the moment when he became superhuman.

Shortly after Naked Snake told Para-Medic that his real name was John Doe, she claimed that he was "a real Captain Nemo." This is an inside joke as Akio Ōtsuka, the Japanese voice actor of Naked Snake, previously voiced Captain Nemo in Nadia: The Secret of Blue Water.

During the game, Snake mentions that he can't smell, in a radio conversation with The Boss; it is actually the player that cannot use their sense of smell to help play the game.

A conversation with Zero, regarding Big Boss's brothers (or lack thereof), is a subtle reference to the three future clones: Solid, Liquid, and Solidus. The conversation originated when Zero noted the coincidence that Major Raikov technically had the same name as Naked Snake ("Ivan" is the Russian version of "John" or "Jack"), and that common Russian folklore had the youngest in the family, usually named "Ivan," treated badly by the family, and yet he often ended up better off than his elder brothers.

Naked Snake mentioning that he couldn't help but compare himself to James Bond is an inside joke. In the original MSX2 version of Metal Gear 2, Big Boss' appearance was modeled after Sean Connery, as noted above. Connery famously portrayed Bond from 1962–71 and again in 1983 and 2005 (the latter as the voice of Bond in the video game James Bond 007: From Russia with Love).

Naked Snake's motion actor throughout the game was Mizuho Yoshida, the sole exception being during the CQC battle at Dremuchij North at the beginning of Operation Snake Eater, in which Motosada Mori did the motion capture acting after deciding that the way Mori did it was more painful compared to how Yoshida did it, and thus more genuine. Similarly, Mori also did the motion capture of The Boss landing the deciding blow on Naked Snake in the same scene.

Naked Snake's immense knowledge of handguns, more specifically his explanation and reaction to the M1911A1 custom that he received from EVA, was the result of one of the production staff suggesting that they characterize Snake as being similar to a gun maniac at a Gun Shop. This suggestion also resulted in the original concept of Snake getting a spy-film gun being cut.

When EVA attempts to kiss Naked Snake, during their rendezvous at the Krasnogorje mountaintop, he freezes up. The reason for this was because Snake's motion actor, Mizuho Yoshida, got nervous and froze up due to his ending up being in an emotional scene, whereas the regular actresses were told to do action scenes.

If the player inputs the Konami Code on the game cleared screen, Naked Snake will be heard saying "One More to Go..."

While facing The Sorrow, Naked Snake encounters the souls of all the soldiers that the player has killed during the game (if any), including the Cobra Unit members. Given The Sorrow's dialogue that Snake would face "all those whose lives he had ended," it is unclear whether this is intended to imply that he had never killed anyone prior to the Virtuous Mission, though the kill count may simply be a gameplay element.

In Metal Gear Raiden: Snake Eraser, part of a series of videos called Secret Theater, Naked Snake was the target of Raiden, à la the Terminator, so he could usurp Solid Snake's position as star of the series. However, eventually, Raiden was unable to bring himself to kill Naked Snake when he had him at his mercy during the Shagohod chase. This would later come back to haunt him when he decided to target Solid Snake directly by travelling back in time to kill Snake during the Zanzibar Land Disturbance in 1999, which cumulated in Big Boss shooting Raiden, presumably to defend Solid Snake from being killed by Raiden before he had a chance to fight Snake, with Raiden then angrily stating that he knew he should have killed Big Boss when he had the chance. Similarly, in Metal Gear S..., Sigint frequently managed to beat Naked Snake to the punch in regards to key events, with Naked Snake at one point being implied to have been killed by the air raid that was due to commence.

Naked Snake also appeared as a playable character on Subsistence 's online mode. His stats we re very similar to in the main game. In additio n, guards would b e constantly searching for Snake, and unlike the guards, if he was killed, he couldn't respawn, although he was stronger and faster than the soldiers. He also had a specialized taunt in the game, where he smoked a cigar. In addition, if he used stealth camo, it lasted less long than other players, and his weapons and the microfilm that he was required to steal would also show up. Doing his taunt would also give away his position due to the burning cigar. His CQC was similar to the other characters (barring Raikov), but it stunned the opponent instantly.

Portable Ops
If Para-Medic is recruited in Metal Gear Solid: Portable Ops, Big Boss can learn about El Dorado in an optional radio conversation with her. Upon hearing about golden knives, Big Boss expresses intrigue in them, since he could use it to distract the enemy during CQC, much to Para-Medic's annoyance. If the player utilizes a radio frequency in the Town area gained from interrogating a Soviet soldier, Big Boss will call in and fake his identity to HQ as a patrolman claiming that a suspicious individual was sighted at the south of the town and that they request backup. He also appears in the expansion for Portable Ops, P ortable Ops Plus, and also does the opening narration for the game. Besides his appearance in that game, he also was t he main commanding officer-type character on the official site, where he supplies the new recruit (the website user) with the mission of locating various Kerotans across various parts in the Town. Afterward, Snake congratulates the user and supplies the user with an exclusive wallpaper, and was about to close the mission, but then discovered that more Kerotans have been spotted in the REX hangar, dispatching the recruit to locate them. Afterwards, he supplied the user with a second wallpaper, before stating that he has to depart, feeling his place was at a place for soldiers like himself.

"A former member of the Special Forces unit FOX, and a hero who once saved the world from nuclear war. Hailed as a true patriot by the U.S. President and given the title of Big Boss, he subsequently retired from FOX."

- Character description in Metal Gear Solid: Portable Ops Plus

Super Smash Bros. Brawl
Big Boss appears (as Naked Snake) in Super Smash Bros. Brawl as both a trophy and sticker. His trophy description is as follows:

"As a member of the special-forces unit FOX, Naked Snake assassinated The Boss and ruined the Shagohod, a Soviet nuclear weapon. Years later, he was used to plant the seeds of Les Enfants Terribles, a project designed to create cloned super soldiers. The three Snakes - Liquid, Solid, and Solidus - were thus born. He would then embrace his name, Big Boss, and duel Solid Snake."

His trophy depiction had him wearing bandages over his torso and arms, referring to the injuries he sustained both when fighting against The Boss in the ending of the Virtuous Mission, and when he was tortured by Colonel Volgin during Operation Snake Eater.

His appearance as a sticker grants the second highest possible Flinch Resistance of +160 in the Subspace Emissary Adventure Mode (only being beaten by The Boss' sticker by one point).

A sticker depicting his artwork from Metal Gear Solid/The Twin Snakes was also unlockable, granting its wearer an increase by 30 in Trophy drops.

During a Codec conversation about Toon Link, Solid Snake mentions to Mei Ling that "there's been more than one Snake." He is referring to his counterparts, Big Boss, Liquid Snake, and Solidus Snake (and possibly Raiden and Venom Snake).

Also, several of Naked Snake's camouflage uniforms appear as alternate costume options for Solid Snake. Brawl presents Solid Snake as a composite of the Metal Gear Solid 2 Solid Snake and the Metal Gear Solid 3 Naked Snake, as in Brawl, Snake has Naked Snake's beard and green bandana, but his own sneaking suit from Metal Gear Solid 2.

Metal Gear Solid novelization
While Big Boss never physically appeared in the original Metal Gear Solid, he does so in the 2008 novelization by Raymond Benson, as one of Psycho Mantis's illusions. After Mantis enters Solid Snake's mind, Big Boss, Meryl Silverburgh, and Hal Emmerich, are trapped inside the mirrors of a funhouse, in a themepark where Solid Snake spent many of his childhood summers. While he was ultimately resigned to his fate, Big Boss begs Snake to input the detonation codes for Metal Gear REX, as otherwise the Sons of Big Boss would kill him.

Metal Gear Solid 4
In the Japanese version of Metal Gear Solid 4, Big Boss was voiced by Chikao Ōtsuka, the real life father of Akio Ōtsuka, who portrays Solid Snake and Big Boss's younger self. According to the Outcast Podcast and Famitsu, this was intentional, as Akio Ōtsuka and Chikao Ōtsuka had fallen out years before, so Kojima arranged for the two to work together.

In the English version of Metal Gear Solid 4, Big Boss is voiced by Richard Doyle, rather than David Hayter.

Big Boss's gravestone in Metal Gear Solid 4 revealed that he had been born sometime in the 1930s (later confirmed to be circa 1935 in Metal Gear Solid: Peace Walker), retconning him to be at least one decade younger than stated in previous games.

The game's Virtual Range also features targets named "John Doe," one of Big Boss's aliases, and later the name of the Patriots' core AI.

Although the game depicts Big Boss wearing an eyepatch in Naked Son, the novelization for Metal Gear Solid 4 by Project Itoh mentions that Big Boss was not wearing his eyepatch at the time of his meeting with Snake at Arlington and his death.

Metal Gear Online
Although Big Boss himself didn't appear in Metal Gear Online, several items were released that referenced him, such as a STABO Harness, Combat Boots and supporters, and leather gloves, resembling the ones Big Boss, then known as Naked Snake, utilized during his missions into Tselinoyarsk. These items also came in various colors, as well as the option to use them in the coloring that was originally used by Naked Snake. In addition, Big Boss's eyepatch as well as a Crocodile Cap that was stated to have been formerly used by Naked Snake during his missions at Tselinoyarsk could also be equipped, although unlike the above items, these had a fixed color scheme.

Peace Walker and Monster Hunter
A promotional image for Peace Walker depicted Big Boss wearing a beret though he wears a bandana in the game itself. This was presumably to emphasize the similarities between Big Boss and Che Guevara, which is noted during the story.

When Big Boss contacts Kazuhira Miller after escaping from the torture area, he briefly coughs violently due to the effects of the torture. According to David Hayter in a podcast, he actually had to force himself to vomit during recording in order to come up with those coughs.

Big Boss's snake-shaped scar in Peace Walker resembles the tattoo of Escape from New York protagonist Snake Plissken. The game is also the first to define Big Boss's age, being 39 years old at the time of the Peace Walker Incident in November 1974. This was mentioned by KGB agent Vladimir Zadornov, when he remarked upon the irony of Big Boss being dead at the same age as Che Guevara, before attempting to execute him. In briefing tapes relating to the non-canon Monster Hunter missions, Big Boss was revealed to have the ability to speak cat language, and, although shocked that he could actually understand what Trenya was saying, he implies that he may have learned how to speak the language from "picking up the local lingo." In addition, two Extra Ops missions in Peace Walker will portray Big Boss as being bisexual, giving him the opportunity to date either Paz Ortega Andrade or Kazuhira Miller (although the briefing for the latter part implied that he was caught offguard and unsure). Given the two missions' non-serious nature, as well as contradictory evidence between them and the story (such as Paz declaring twice in her third entry of her diary tape that she has absolutely no interest in Big Boss, and Miller's womanizing character throughout the story), neither mission is considered to be canon.

Big Boss is only usable in missions, and thus does not appear in Mother Base's staff.

Big Boss was the basis for three action figures in the Peace Walker line of the Square Enix toy-making subsidiary Play Arts Kai. Each were based on uniforms the player could obtain in the game (the Jungle Fatigues, the Sneaking Suit, and the Battle Dress). Of the three, two of the figures (Jungle Fatigues and Sneaking Suit) also came with a passcode that would unlock a soldier for Mother Base if inputted. Likewise, the Battle Dress was also customizable so it would resemble an MSF soldier.

During gameplay, Big Boss could push press the AI weapons Cocoon and Peace Walker, as well as ZEKE via a button prompt to counter their respective crush and stomp attacks. Similarly, in missions relating to the Mine Base, depending on whether the player is playing via single player (prior to completing the storyline in the case of Main Ops) or via the game's CO-OP mode, Big Boss either is required to lift up a garage door that acted as the sole remaining obstacle between him and Peace Walker's hangar, or otherwise allow a friend to do it for him.

As part of a crossover promotion between Peace Walker and Monster Hunter Portable 3rd, male players can receive a Big Boss outfit in a special quest. Female players receive The Boss outfit, while Felyne comrades get a Solid Snake outfit.

Yoji Shinkawa painted a picture of Big Boss for a small live audience as part of his "The Art of Yoji Shinkawa" exhibit at the Konami Style store. This same painting was also used for the cover of the Metal Gear Solid: Peace Walker Official Arts Book. Similarly, MetalGearSolid.com also "snuck in" T-shirts that bore this design into the 2011 Comic Con, with them reporting to their Facebook page that fans "infiltrate" to buy one and give positive reviews to Kojima.

During the Extra Ops mission "Base Defense" for the Mine Base interior, Big Boss after defeating every 10 soldiers will contact the player via radio, marking the first time since Metal Gear that Big Boss contacts the player via radio (not counting the Portable Ops Plus official website).

Naming controversy
Much controversy and debate surrounds Big Boss's real name. When Metal Gear Solid 3 was released, players safely assumed his real name was Jack, as The Boss and Major Zero called him by this name on several occasions. In addition, a voice casting sheet leaked before Metal Gear Solid 3 's release stated that Big B oss's real name was Jack.

However, early on in the game, Big Bo ss is asked by Para-Medic what his real name is, to which he responds "John Doe" with Para-Medic replying "and they call you Jack for short?" Due to slightly tongue-in-cheek nature of the conversation, as well as Para-Medic jokingly responding that her real name is Jane Doe, most initially thought it was nothing more than a joke. However, at the end of Metal Gear Solid 3, Big Boss also tells Ocelot that his name is John, and in Japan, a Limited Edition release of Metal Gear Solid 3 included a book called R which stated Big Boss's real name was John Doe. The master Patriot AI, which is accessed via Big Boss's biometric data, is also named John Doe (although it is also possible that JD was named as such as a reference to the fact that the last leaders of the Patriots were "no one" (i.e. AIs)). In Peace Walker, when Snake tells Gálvez that Big Boss is just a codename the CIA made up, Gálvez then asks if he would prefer it if he called him John.

To further add to the confusion, the Metal Gear Solid 4 Database listed Big Boss's name as simply "John."

Kojima was asked in session 08 of the Kojima Productions Report Podcast which helped celebrate the North American release of Portable Ops whether Big Boss' real name was Jack or John. Kojima answered by saying that it could be both since both n ames can be applicable as the name "Jack" in English is the diminutive form of the name "Joh n."

The name John Doe is used as a colloquialism for an unidentified male corpse.

Metal Gear Solid: Social Ops
Big Boss also appeared in the android/iOS game Metal Gear Solid: Social Ops, both as a major character and as several cards. As such, he also possessed the most bios in the game, containing separate entries for his Virtuous Mission appearance, his Operation Snake Eater appearance, and his Peace Walker Incident appearance.

Metal Gear Solid V
On June 6, 2013, Kojima confirmed that Kiefer Sutherland would be the voice and motion capture actor for Big Boss. Big Boss's appearance in the game is also based on four different people.

Metal Gear Solid V: Ground Zeroes
Big Boss is the main character of Metal Gear Solid V: Ground Zeroes, and returned in Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain. In the initial Ground Zeroes trailer, he appears to have a fully gray head of hair after taking off his NVGs, although Kojima stated that this was actually the result of lighting, rather than an indicator that he had gone gray. In the actual gameplay demo, he still retains brown hair for the most part, although his beard has gone gray. Big Boss is also the playable character in the majority of the pseudo-historical Side Ops, which take place prior to the events of the main game.

Besides the main game, Big Boss is available as an officer-type character for the Mother Base development game on the Ground Zeroes app, released on the iPhone and Android systems. He is available from the start of the game, alongside Kazuhira Miller. Aside from this, his Naked Snake self is also an unlockable officer-type character, in this case being unlockable by doing a no-kill run during Ground Zeroes while connected to the app.

Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain
Big Boss later appeared in the VGA 2012 Phantom Pain trailer, under the guise of Ishmael. However, because it was initially stated that the game was being developed by a seemingly separate Swedish company called Moby Dick Studio, he wasn't explicitly identified as such. It was also revealed that while Akio Ōtsuka will reprise his role for the Japanese version, David Hayter would not for the English version. According to Hayter, Kojima had left him out of the decision. Prior to the official announcement of Ground Zeroes, and by extension, The Phantom Pain, during GDC 2012, Big Boss appeared on two pictures on a Developers Sans Frontières website recruiting various game developers for the new Metal Gear game. The first picture, on the entry gate for the website, was Big Boss, stylized in a similar manner to Uncle Sam recruitment posters, pointing at the user with the words "BIGBOSS [sic] wants YOU! THE "NEXT" MGS DEVELOPMENT WITHOUT BORDERS GDC 2012 Booth #1914" below him. The second picture, contained in a "classified" manilla folder, shows Big Boss wearing a poncho with a Rhodesian Ridgeback-like dog accompanying him, as well as a logo that was later revealed by Kojima to be the logo for "Diamond Dogs."

As Ishmael, Big Boss appears in the GDC 2013 trailer for Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain. Although his true identity is initially a mystery, his English voice actor was discovered to be the same as that of Big Boss, Kiefer Sutherland. The name Ishmael is a reference to the character from the novel Moby-Dick. The Phantom Pain trailer also features an apparition resembling a burning whale, and the player character is referred to as Ahab, another major character in the novel.

Ishmael's likeness was later used for a mask worn by Hideo Kojima during an interview with GameTrailers TV host Geoff Keighley, while posing as the supposed creator of the game, Joakim Mogren, on March 28, 2013. The Ishmael mask was earlier hinted at in a Twitter post on Kojima's Twitter account, where he claimed that he was bringing "a secret weapon" to the GDC 2013 presentation. Similarly, an earlier interview on the March 14, 2013 episode of GameTrailers TV, which aired prior to the GDC 2013 announcement of The Phantom Pain, had "Mogren" wearing similar bandages to Ishmael, although he claimed that it was due to him getting into an "accident."

In the Truth ending, after Venom Snake flips the tape "From Man Who Sold the World", he sees Operation Intrude N313, which is the name of the mission in the original Metal Gear. In the next scene, Venom sees himself in the mirror with a bloody face and larger horn, before punching the mirror. The exact time is deliberately vague, and Venom disappears into fog after smashing the mirror.

Venom Snake, Big Boss's phantom and double.

Mother Base infiltration
The Gamescom 2014 Multiplayer trailer revealed that a player could infiltrate another player's Mother Base as Snake, with the other player's company being changed to Roughneck Raven, another PMC operating in the region, the Diamond Dogs logos being (mostly) replaced by that company's logo. It was also revealed that the owner of the base could ambush the infiltrator, though interestingly both appear as Snake, with the second wearing a different camouflage uniform.

Allusions to previous games
Big Boss's rivalry with Ocelot throughout Metal Gear Solid 3 is somewhat akin to that of siblings. Gene also referred to himself and Big Boss as being "like brothers" during Portable Ops. These relationships mirror the one between Solid Snake and Liquid Snake in the original Metal Gear Solid. On a somewhat related note, Kojima, in his commentary of the former game, noted that Ocelot and Liquid's Japanese names rhymed, further comparing Naked Snake and Ocelot's rivalry with Solid and Liquid Snake's rivalry.

In Peace Walker, Huey Emmerich asks Big Boss if he would ever fight a clone of himself, using it as a metaphor for nuclear deterrence. Big Boss answers "I wouldn't want to do that, no telling who'd survive." This is an obvious allusion to the future conflict between Big Boss and his clone Solid Snake, in which the former is defeated.

E3 Battle
In May 2012, Big Boss, identified as Naked Snake, appeared as a participant in the Konami sponsored web event E3 Battle, where he beat out Ash Lambert from the 1996 game Vandal Hearts in the first round. He proceeded to face off against, and defeated Murphy Pendleton from Silent Hill: Downpour in the second round. He proceeded to face off against, and defeated, Psycho Mantis in the third round. He then faced off against and defeated Solid Snake in the fourth round. He proceeded to face off against, and defeated Raiden in the semifinals. He will face off against Metal Gear REX in the final round of the event, in a no-holds barred beatdown. Naked Snake managed to defeat REX and became the champion of the E3 Battle.

"NAKED SNAKE FIRST APPEARED IN: Metal Gear (1987, as 'Big Boss') Founder of the Special Forces Unit, FOXHOUND, among others. Survivor of countless battlefields."

- Naked Snake's bio in E3 Battle

Versus Battle
Big Boss appeared in Versus Battle twice, first fighting against Metal Gear REX and later FOXHOUND under the name Big Boss, and also under the name Naked Snake while fighting against Solid Snake.

"STRENGTHS: Arguably the Greatest Warrior Ever WEAKNESSES: Nukes? Cigars? FEATURED FACT: FOXHOUND founder and genetic father of Solid, Liquid, & Solidus Snake, Big Boss earned his name by defeating The Boss in Operation Snake Eater FEATURED GAME: METAL GEAR SOLID: THE LEGACY COLLECTION"

- Big Boss' bio on Versus Battle; against REX

"STRENGTHS: The Original Snake, Taught by The Boss WEAKNESSES: Disillusioned from Battle & Betrayal FEATURED FACT: Although given the nickname “Big Boss” after defeating The Boss, he continued to call himself Naked Snake in respect to The Boss’s skill FEATURED GAME: METAL GEAR SOLID: THE LEGACY COLLECTION"

- Naked Snake's bio on Versus Battle

"STRENGTHS: Too Numerous To Name WEAKNESSES: EVA, Cigars FEATURED FACT: Naked Snake became known as Big Boss after defeating The Boss in battle, and was the genetic father of Solid Snake, Liquid Snake, and Solidus Snake FEATURED GAME: METAL GEAR SOLID: THE LEGACY COLLECTION"

- Big Boss in Versus Battle; against FOXHOUND

LittleBigPlanet 3
Big Boss appears as a costume in a Ground Zeroes-themed DLC pack for LittleBigPlanet 3.

Appearances

 * Metal Gear
 * Snake's Revenge (non-canon)
 * Metal Gear 2: Solid Snake
 * Metal Gear Solid (mentioned and picture)
 * Metal Gear: Ghost Babel (mentioned; non-canon)
 * Metal Gear Solid 2: Sons of Liberty (mentioned and flashback)
 * Metal Gear Solid: The Twin Snakes (mentioned and picture)
 * Metal Gear Solid 3: Snake Eater
 * Metal Gear Solid 3: Subsistence (Secret Theater; non-canon)
 * Metal Gear Solid: Portable Ops
 * Metal Gear Solid: Portable Ops Plus (non-canon)
 * Metal Gear Solid 4: Guns of the Patriots
 * Metal Gear Solid: Peace Walker
 * Metal Gear Solid: Social Ops (trading card)
 * Metal Gear Solid V: Ground Zeroes
 * Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain