Metal Gear 2: Solid Snake

Metal Gear 2: Solid Snake (メタルギア２ ソリッドスネーク) is a stealth action game that was written and directed by Hideo Kojima and developed by Konami. It is the second game released in the Metal Gear series and the fifth one chronologically. It was initially released only in Japan for the MSX2 computer on July 20, 1990. The game was re-released 14 years later, as a downloadable game for mobile phones in Japan in 2004. A North American and European version of Metal Gear 2 was released in 2006 as part of Metal Gear Solid 3: Subsistence along with the original Metal Gear.

In the game, Solid Snake must infiltrate Zanzibar Land, a heavily defended territory located in Central Asia to rescue a kidnapped scientist and destroy the revised Metal Gear D. The game significantly evolved the stealth-based gameplay of its predecessor "in almost every way," introduced a complex storyline dealing with themes such as the nature of warfare and nuclear proliferation, and is considered "one of the best 8 bit games ever made." However, the game was not released in the Western world, due to the conflicting release of Snake's Revenge, until 16 years later.

Gameplay
Metal Gear 2 builds upon and further evolves the stealth-based gameplay of its predecessor. As in the original Metal Gear, the player's objective is to infiltrate the enemy's stronghold, while avoiding detection from soldiers, cameras, infrared sensors, and other surveillance devices. The biggest change in the game was done to the enemy's behavior. Whereas the guards in the first game could see in straight lines, the guards in Metal Gear 2 can all see in a field of vision of 45 degrees. The guards can also turn their head left or right to see diagonally and move from one screen to another (instead of being stationed in one area). The enemy can also hear any noise made by the player which usually occurs when the player fires a non-silenced firearm, uses an explosive, hits on a wall or walks on certain types of terrain. If the player is discovered by the enemy, the game will be in Alert Mode and the number of life points they currently have will be displayed on the upper right side of the screen. When the enemy loses track of the player, the game enters Evasion Mode and a counter will go down. When the counter reaches zero, the game returns to normal.

The player has been given new maneuvers and tools to help them remain undetected and complete the game. For example, the player can now kneel and crawl in addition to walking, allowing to player to avoid making noise, pick up land mines, and hide in tight spaces such as under desks or inside air ducts. A radar with a 3x3 grid on the upper right hand screen shows Snake's current position in the center screen (as a red dot), with enemy soldiers as white dots, allowing the player to determine what's ahead. However, the radar is disabled when the game enters Alert Mode. The radar can also be used with the mine detector equipped to determine the locations of any placed mines or fire stinger missiles on an airborne target. Many weapons and equipment from the first game are brought over as well as new items such as robotic mice used to distract enemies, a camouflaged mat and three different types of rations with their own attributes. The player no longer needs to rescue hostages to increase their rank; instead their life energy and carrying capacity is increased each time they defeat the game's bosses.

The transceiver has been greatly revamped from the first game as well. The messages the player receives are now based on their current situation and mission objective, rather than the room they're currently in, making them less fixed and more dynamic. The transceiver screen now displays Snake's face as well as the face of the character he's currently communicating with. The player can also talk to children living in the fortress to gain new information; the player is penalized with a loss of health if they kill a child. The game's areas are more varied than in the first game and a number of puzzles must be fulfilled to complete the game, such as luring a carrier pigeon with a ration, waiting for a female spy to enter the women's bathroom or deciphering secret tap codes to gain vital information such as a new frequency number.

Plot
By 1999, the Cold War had thawed, and it seemed nuclear proliferation would soon be a thing of the past. Despite this, all was not well in the world. A series of shocks to the oil market spurred the development of new high-tech energy sources, including fusion power. However, most vehicles still relied on oil for power. Oil reserves were at a critical low, and the world community was prepared to take drastic measures, either by drilling into sand and shale for more oil, despite the difficulty—or moving on to renewable fuels.

Such steps proved unnecessary when Czech scientist, Dr. Kio Marv, successfully bio-engineered a new species of algae, OILIX, that could produce petroleum-grade hydrocarbons with little expense and effort. Marv presented the algae to the World Energy Conference in Prague, and was on his way to a demonstration in the United States when he was kidnapped by soldiers from Zanzibar Land. NATO discovers that Zanzibar Land's leaders plan to hold the world hostage by controlling the supply of oil, and some good old-fashioned nuclear brinkmanship, courtesy of a stockpile of nukes.

Solid Snake was brought out of retirement by FOXHOUND's new commander, Roy Campbell, and is sent to Zanzibar Land to rescue Dr. Marv.


 * For a full summary, see Zanzibar Land Disturbance.

''The intro to the game and the instruction manual mention that nuclear weapons had been completely abandoned by the time of the main plot, making Zanzibar Land the world's sole nuclear power. Metal Gear Solid, however, retcons this account by having the current nuclear-armed nations maintain their stockpiles, with the reduction of nuclear weapons via the START-3 Treaty serving a prominent role in the story. Any references to global nuclear disarmament during the time of Metal Gear 2 was omitted from the Previous Operations section of Metal Gear Solid.''

FOXHOUND

 * Solid Snake
 * Roy Campbell
 * Master Miller
 * George Kasler
 * Charlie

Zanzibar Land forces

 * Black Ninja
 * Running Man
 * Red Blaster
 * Four Horsemen
 * Jungle Evil
 * Night Fright
 * Gray Fox
 * Big Boss

''The Zanzibar Land mercenaries are all fought as bosses. When defeated, the bosses' sprite is shown "exploding" although this is just a game mechanic.''

Other characters

 * Holly White
 * Drago Pettrovich Madnar
 * Johan Jacobsen
 * Kio Marv
 * Gustava Heffner

Similarities to Metal Gear Solid
See also: Similarities between games

Many of the gameplay innovations commonly attributed to Metal Gear Solid were in fact introduced by its direct predecessor Metal Gear 2, which was never released outside of Japan until it was packaged with Metal Gear Solid 3: Subsistence in 2006. In addition, both titles also share many similar plot elements. Due to these similarities, many fans believed that Metal Gear Solid was a remake of Metal Gear 2. Some of the gameplay and plot elements in Metal Gear 2 that were later used again in its sequel Metal Gear Solid include:

Plot elements

 * The game opening with a cliff-side open environment before moving inside to a tank-storage room with an elevator.
 * Roy Campbell serving as the main commanding officer to Solid Snake.
 * Master Miller (impersonated by Liquid Snake in Metal Gear Solid) giving advice on improving one's health and professional life.
 * Saving a hostage who appears on radar. In addition, the first hostage of the game is a disguised member of the terrorist faction.
 * Meeting a disguised female contact in a women's washroom.
 * Snake and his female contact (both with the frequency 140.15) effectively becoming romantically involved (Holly in Metal Gear 2 and Meryl Silverburgh in Metal Gear Solid).
 * Having to rescue a disguised female contact after her cover is blown (Holly in Metal Gear 2 and Meryl in Metal Gear Solid).
 * Helpful messages from an anonymous source via the radio claiming to be a fan of Snake, who turns out to be Gray Fox in both cases.
 * An ally from the previous game betrays Snake (Dr. Madnar in Metal Gear 2 and Master Miller in Metal Gear Solid, which was actually Liquid disguised in the latter game).
 * A disguised female contact sneaks up on Snake (Holly in Metal Gear 2 and Meryl in Metal Gear Solid).
 * The use of the line "It's not over yet, Snake!" Big Boss said this in Metal Gear 2, and Liquid said this in Metal Gear Solid.
 * While escaping the enemy stronghold, Snake and his companion are nearly killed until they are saved at the last second (Charlie saves Snake and Holly in Metal Gear 2 and Liquid dies from FOXDIE in Metal Gear Solid).

Battles

 * The return of a major character from the former game decked out as a ninja (Kyle Schneider in Metal Gear 2 and Gray Fox in Metal Gear Solid) who must be fought in a boss battle.
 * The return of a major character presumed dead in the previous game returns (Kyle Schneider and Big Boss in Metal Gear 2 and Gray Fox in Metal Gear Solid) and is fought in a boss battle.
 * An ambush by four hidden attackers in an elevator.
 * A fight with a soldier wearing stealth camouflage.
 * A chase up a spiral staircase with soldiers in pursuit.
 * A battle with a Hind D chopper using stinger missiles.
 * Fighting a piloted Metal Gear (Metal Gear D in Metal Gear 2 and Metal Gear REX in Metal Gear Solid).
 * After destroying the Metal Gear of the game, an unarmed hand-to-hand showdown with the pilot will take place (Gray Fox in Metal Gear 2 and Liquid Snake in Metal Gear Solid).
 * A one-on-one fight between Solid Snake and Gray Fox in both games.
 * An escape from the enemy base alongside a female accomplice (Holly in Metal Gear 2 and Meryl in Metal Gear Solid) while being chased by a horde of enemy guards.

Miscellaneous

 * Having to look at the back of the game package to learn an important radio frequency.
 * Having to use plastic explosive on a door in order to reach a new area.
 * Having to change the temperature of an object to turn it into a key.
 * Having to heat up frozen rations before eating them.

Mobile Phone version
On October 1, 2004, Konami released a mobile phone version of Metal Gear 2 in Japan for the i-Mode, EZweb and Vodafone services. This was the first time the game was ported to another platform since its original MSX2 release in 1990. Several changes were made in order to modernize the game:


 * New game modes and items - All the new game modes (Easy Mode, Boss Survival) and items (Infinite Bandana) introduced in the mobile phone version of the original Metal Gear were included in this version as well.
 * Revamped character designs - The character portraits shown during the game's transceiver mode (as well as the opening intro) were redrawn by Metal Gear Solid character designer Yoji Shinkawa. While most of the portraits in the MSX2 version resembled actual movie actors and people, the portraits in the new version are brought more in line with Shinkawa's designs from the Metal Gear series. Also, the portraits are no longer animated when a character speaks.
 * Rewritten script - The script was changed to include more kanji characters than the MSX2 version.
 * Name changes - Like the mobile phone version of Metal Gear, some characters' names were changed:
 * Natasha Markova was changed to Gustava Heffner.
 * Yozef Norden was changed to Johan Jacobsen.
 * Petrovich Madnar was given the full name of Drago Pettrovich Madnar, establishing the name "Pettrovich" as the character's patronymic middle name.
 * Black Color was changed to Black Ninja.
 * Ultra Box was changed to the Four Horsemen.
 * Predator was changed to Jungle Evil.
 * Night Sight was changed to Night Fright.
 * Modified items - Some of the items were modified (graphically and functionality) to parallel their usage in the Metal Gear Solid games.
 * The graphical icons for each of the three ration types are now colored differently to tell them apart.
 * Equipping the cigarettes will now drain the player's life bar. Moreover, the graphical icon was changed to no longer resemble a package of Lucky Strikes. Similarly, one of the stills in the intro of the game was edited to have the cigarette pack be of the fictional brand of "Gators" instead of "Bal Mal," presumably due to copyright issues with the real-life brand "Pall Mall."
 * Thermal goggles are now available to see through infrared sensors as an alternative to cigarettes.
 * In the MSX2 version, the player could only place six landmines per screen. In the mobile phone version, this was increased to sixteen.
 * The gas grenades, which were necessary in the MSX2 version to go forward, now always point south when at the veranda, making smoking the only way to successfully cross the chasm via the hang glider.
 * The time it takes for Gustava's brooch to change shape was shortened slightly.
 * The time for an egg to hatch was shortened as well.
 * Modified play mechanics - Certain aspects of the gameplay were changed to make the game easier for the player.
 * The tap codes were changed.
 * Certain bosses were given less life.
 * A mark will appear on the player's feet when making a noise while walking on certain types of terrain.
 * If a hollow wall is punched, a question mark will appear over it.
 * Elevators no longer have a display above the door to show which floor they are currently stopped at or the direction in which they are moving. Also, it's no longer possible to skip any floors by rapidly pushing the button.
 * Frequency numbers are now saved under a memory window after dialing them the first time.
 * Campbell's second frequency (which originally could only be learned by checking the rear side of the MSX2 version's packaging) is now given to the player instead.

PlayStation 2 version
A PlayStation 2 version has been released as a component of Metal Gear Solid 3: Subsistence. The PS2 version includes all the changes made in the mobile phone version, along with an official English translation for the North American and European versions (though it featured numerous spelling and grammar errors). The North American version also has an optional Spanish script. This was first time the game was officially released outside Japan.

The PS2 version of the game, much like the original MSX2 version, requires the player to look at the manual in order to solve certain puzzles, such as deciphering tap codes or learning a certain frequency number. Because the North American version came with a condensed manual that did not include the information that the game required, Konami posted the solutions to these puzzles in a FAQ page on their official website.

Virtual Console version
Metal Gear 2 was released for the Virtual Console on March 30, 2010. The Virtual Console version, though based on the original MSX2 version, features the same revised character designs from the re-released versions.

Development
After the success of the Nintendo Entertainment System version of Metal Gear had in the Western market, especially in North America, where Metal Gear sold over a million copies, Konami commissioned the development of a sequel for the NES made specifically with the Western market in mind without the consent of Hideo Kojima.

Kojima, who was not planning on making a sequel to Metal Gear due to the relatively low sales of the MSX2 version in Japan, was unaware of the development of the game until he ran into a member of the Snake's Revenge development staff during a train ride in Tokyo. The developer told Kojima about the game. He then requested Kojima to develop a true sequel. By the end of the train ride, Kojima had already developed the basic storyline for the entire game. The next day, he went to his boss at Konami with a game plan, and was given the go-ahead to make Metal Gear 2: Solid Snake, then exclusively for the MSX2, which was released in 1990.

As a result, the canonical Metal Gear 2 was released exclusively in Japan for the MSX2, while Snake's Revenge became the Metal Gear sequel in North American and European market (a fan translation of Metal Gear 2 was produced instead).

The plot summaries of the first two games were included in Metal Gear Solid under the section Previous Operations. Metal Gear 2 would finally see an official English release 16 years later as a component of Metal Gear Solid 3: Subsistence.

Snatcher references
The timeline given in the Metal Gear 2 user's manual states that "North and South talks" were held in the year 1991. This is a reference to the North-South problem of Neo Kobe City featured in Snatcher, a socio-economic division that existed between the wealthy, long-time residents in the city's northern zones and the poor, mainly immigrant population centered in the city's southern regions.

In a radio call to George Kesler during the final battle with Big Boss, a rumor is mentioned concerning Big Boss's reconstruction as a cyborg under the Snatcher Project.

Roy Campbell also mentions to Snake to not mention anything about whale cuisine when contacting George Kasler, a reference to an autopsied body containing whale cuisine in one of the side missions for the Japanese version of Snatcher (it was changed to buffalo meat in the English version of Snatcher).

Reception
Metal Gear 2: Solid Snake has received near universal critical acclaim by retro game reviewers. According to Paul Soth of GameSpy, the game is superior to its predecessor "in almost every way" and is "one of the best 8 bit games ever made." Much of its gameplay and many of its plot elements were used again in Metal Gear Solid eight years later. The gameplay of Metal Gear Solid, despite its transition to 3D, would remain largely similar to its 2D predecessor Metal Gear 2. As such, Retro Gamer regards Metal Gear 2 to be "as close as anyone can get to playing Metal Gear Solid in 2D" and also regards it as being superior to the more recent Game Boy Color version of Metal Gear Solid released a decade later in 2000. Game Informer was more critical of Metal Gear 2. They gave the game a 7. They said that in order to reach the pivotal moments of the game's story "you must endure some of the most ridiculous situations Solid Snake has ever seen." They also stated "the game's focus on constant backtracking and keycard acquisition makes it too repetitive." Game Informer concluded that while the best chance to play Metal Gear 2 is to play the bonus disc of Metal Gear Solid 3: Subsistence, "only diehard fans will find the experince rewarding."

Legacy
Arranged music based on Metal Gear 2: Solid Snake was used for the VR Training disc in Metal Gear Solid: Integral (which was released in North America as Metal Gear Solid: VR Missions). Additionally, Integral features two hidden tunes based on Metal Gear 2 available via a secret codec frequency in the main game. One is an arranged version of the "Theme of Solid Snake", while the other is an arrangement of "Zanzibar Breeze." "Theme of Solid Snake" made an appearance in Nintendo's crossover fighting game Super Smash Bros. Brawl on the Shadow Moses Island stage.